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Dennis Ritchie

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Dennis Ritchie
Dennis Ritchie 2011.jpg
Dennis Ritchie at the Japan Prize Foundation in May 2011
Born(1941-09-09)September 9, 1941
Bronxville, New York, U.S.
Diedc. October 12, 2011(2011-10-12) (aged 70)
Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma materHarvard University (Ph.D., 1968)
Known forALTRAN
B
BCPL
C
Multics
Unix
AwardsTuring Award (1983)
National Medal of Technology (1998)
IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal (1990)
Computer Pioneer Award (1994)
Computer History Museum Fellow (1997)[1]
Harold Pender Award (2003)
Japan Prize (2011)
Scientific career
FieldsComputer science
InstitutionsLucent Technologies
Bell Labs

Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (September 9, 1941 – c. October 12, 2011)[2][3][4][5] was an American computer scientist.[2] He created the C programming language and, with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the Unix operating system and B programming language.[2] Ritchie and Thompson were awarded the Turing Award from the ACM in 1983, the Hamming Medal from the IEEE in 1990 and the National Medal of Technology from President Bill Clinton in 1999. Ritchie was the head of Lucent Technologies System Software Research Department when he retired in 2007. He was the "R" in K&R C, and commonly known by his username dmr.

Personal life and career[edit]

Dennis Ritchie was born in Bronxville, New York. His father was Alistair E. Ritchie, a longtime Bell Labs scientist and co-author of The Design of Switching Circuits[6] on switching circuit theory.[7] As a child, Dennis moved with his family to Summit, New Jersey, where he graduated from Summit High School.[8] He graduated from Harvard University with degrees in physics and applied mathematics.[7] After receiving his bachelor's degree he decided with typical modesty that he was not smart enough to be a physicist.[citation needed]

Ken Thompson (left) and Dennis Ritchie (right)
Version 7 Unix for the PDP-11, including Dennis Ritchie's home directory: /usr/dmr

In 1967, Ritchie began working at the Bell Labs Computing Sciences Research Center, and in 1968, he defended his PhD thesis on "Program Structure and Computational Complexity" at Harvard under the supervision of Patrick C. Fischer. However, Ritchie never officially received his PhD degree as he did not submit a bound copy of his dissertation to the Harvard library, a requirement for the degree.[9] [10] In 2020, the Computer History museum worked with Ritchie's family and Fischer's family and found a copy of the lost dissertation.[11]

During the 1960s, Ritchie and Ken Thompson worked on the Multics operating system at Bell Labs. Thompson then found an old PDP-7 machine and developed his own application programs and operating system from scratch, aided by Ritchie and others. In 1970, Brian Kernighan suggested the name "Unix", a pun on the name "Multics".[12] To supplement assembly language with a system-level programming language, Thompson created B. Later, B was replaced by C, created by Ritchie, who continued to contribute to the development of Unix and C for many years.[13]

During the 1970s, Ritchie collaborated with James Reeds and Robert Morris on a ciphertext-only attack on the M-209 US cipher machine that could solve messages of at least 2000–2500 letters.[14] Ritchie relates that, after discussions with the NSA, the authors decided not to publish it, as they were told that the principle was applicable to machines still in use by foreign governments.[14]

Ritchie was also involved with the development of the Plan 9 and Inferno operating systems, and the programming language Limbo.

As part of an AT&T restructuring in the mid-1990s, Ritchie was transferred to Lucent Technologies, where he retired in 2007 as head of System Software Research Department.[15]

C and Unix[edit]

Ritchie is best known as the creator of the C programming language, a key developer of the Unix operating system, and co-author of the book The C Programming Language; he was the 'R' in K&R (a common reference to the book's authors Kernighan and Ritchie). Ritchie worked together with Ken Thompson, who is credited with writing the original version of Unix; one of Ritchie's most important contributions to Unix was its porting to different machines and platforms.[16] They were so influential on Research Unix that Doug McIlroy later wrote, "The names of Ritchie and Thompson may safely be assumed to be attached to almost everything not otherwise attributed."[17]

Ritchie liked to emphasize that he was just one member of a group. He suggested that many of the improvements he introduced simply "looked like a good thing to do," and that anyone else in the same place at the same time might have done the same thing.

Nowadays, the C language is widely used in application, operating system, and embedded system development, and its influence is seen in most modern programming languages. C fundamentally changed the way computer programs were written. For the first time C enabled the same program to work on different machines. Modern software is written using one of C's more evolved dialects. Apple uses objective C, Microsoft uses C# and Java is the choice of internet applications. Mr. Ritchie and Ken Thompson used C to write UNIX. Unix has been influential establishing computing concepts and principles that have been widely adopted.

In an interview from 1999, Ritchie clarified that he saw Linux and BSD operating systems as a continuation of the basis of the Unix operating system, and as derivatives of Unix:[18]

I think the Linux phenomenon is quite delightful, because it draws so strongly on the basis that Unix provided. Linux seems to be among the healthiest of the direct Unix derivatives, though there are also the various BSD systems as well as the more official offerings from the workstation and mainframe manufacturers.

In the same interview, he stated that he viewed both Unix and Linux as "the continuation of ideas that were started by Ken and me and many others, many years ago."[18]

Awards[edit]

In 1983, Ritchie and Thompson received the Turing Award "for their development of generic operating systems theory and specifically for the implementation of the UNIX operating system".[19] Ritchie's Turing Award lecture was titled "Reflections on Software Research".[20] In 1990, both Ritchie and Thompson received the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), "for the origination of the UNIX operating system and the C programming language".[21]

In 1997, both Ritchie and Thompson were made Fellows of the Computer History Museum, "for co-creation of the UNIX operating system, and for development of the C programming language."[22]

On April 21, 1999, Thompson and Ritchie jointly received the National Medal of Technology of 1998 from President Bill Clinton for co-inventing the UNIX operating system and the C programming language which, according to the citation for the medal, "led to enormous advances in computer hardware, software, and networking systems and stimulated growth of an entire industry, thereby enhancing American leadership in the Information Age".[23][24]

In 2005, the Industrial Research Institute awarded Ritchie its Achievement Award in recognition of his contribution to science and technology, and to society generally, with his development of the Unix operating system.[25]

In 2011, Ritchie, along with Thompson, was awarded the Japan Prize for Information and Communications for his work in the development of the Unix operating system.[26]

Death[edit]

Dennis Ritchie with Doug McIlroy (left) in May 2011

Ritchie was found dead on October 12, 2011, at the age of 70 at his home in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, where he lived alone.[2] First news of his death came from his former colleague, Rob Pike.[3][4] The cause and exact time of death have not been disclosed.[27] He had been in frail health for several years following treatment for prostate cancer and heart disease.[2][3][28][29] News of Ritchie's death was largely overshadowed by the media coverage of the death of Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, which occurred the week before.[30]

Legacy[edit]

Following Ritchie's death, computer historian Paul E. Ceruzzi stated:[31]

Ritchie was under the radar. His name was not a household name at all, but... if you had a microscope and could look in a computer, you'd see his work everywhere inside.

In an interview shortly after Ritchie's death, long time colleague Brian Kernighan said Ritchie never expected C to be so significant.[32] Kernighan told The New York Times "The tools that Dennis built—and their direct descendants—run pretty much everything today."[33] Kernighan reminded readers of how important a role C and Unix had played in the development of later high-profile projects, such as the iPhone.[34][35] Other testimonials to his influence followed.[36][37][38][39]

Reflecting upon his death, a commentator compared the relative importance of Steve Jobs and Ritchie, concluding that "[Ritchie's] work played a key role in spawning the technological revolution of the last forty years—including technology on which Apple went on to build its fortune."[40] Another commentator said, "Ritchie, on the other hand, invented and co-invented two key software technologies which make up the DNA of effectively every single computer software product we use directly or even indirectly in the modern age. It sounds like a wild claim, but it really is true."[41] Another said, "many in computer science and related fields knew of Ritchie's importance to the growth and development of, well, everything to do with computing,..."[42]

The Fedora 16 Linux distribution, which was released about a month after he died, was dedicated to his memory.[43] FreeBSD 9.0, released January 12, 2012 was also dedicated in his memory.[44]

Asteroid 294727 Dennisritchie, discovered by astronomers Tom Glinos and David H. Levy in 2008, was named in his memory.[45] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 7 February 2012 (M.P.C. 78272).[46]

Gallery[edit]

  • Ritchie engaged in conversation in a chalet in the mountains surrounding Salt Lake City at the 1984 Usenix conference.

  • At the same Usenix 1984 conference, Dennis Ritchie is visible in the middle, wearing a striped shirt, behind Steven Bellovin wearing a baseball hat.

Notable works[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e Lohr, Steve (October 12, 2011), "Dennis Ritchie, Programming Trailblazer, Dies at 70", The New York Times, retrieved October 13, 2011, Dennis M. Ritchie, who helped shape the modern digital era by creating software tools that power things as diverse as search engines like Google and smartphones, was found dead on Wednesday at his home in Berkeley Heights, N.J. He was 70. Mr. Ritchie, who lived alone, was in frail health in recent years after treatment for prostate cancer and heart disease, said his brother Bill.
  3. ^ a b c "Unix creator Dennis Ritchie dies aged 70". BBC News. October 13, 2011. Retrieved October 14, 2011. Pioneering computer scientist Dennis Ritchie has died after a long illness. ... The first news of Dr Ritchie's death came via Rob Pike, a former colleague who worked with him at Bell Labs. Mr Ritchie's passing was then confirmed in a statement from Alcatel-Lucent which now owns Bell Labs.
  4. ^ a b Rob Pike (October 12, 2011), (untitled post to Google+), retrieved October 14, 2011, I just heard that, after a long illness, Dennis Ritchie (dmr) died at home this weekend. I have no more information.
  5. ^ Campbell-Kelly, Martin (October 13, 2011), "Dennis Ritchie obituary", The Guardian, retrieved October 13, 2011, Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie, computer scientist, born 9 September 1941; died 12 October 2011
  6. ^ Keister, Wiliam; Ritchie, Alistair E.; Washburn, Seth E. (1951). The Design of Switching Circuits (eigth printing Sep. 1963 ed.). Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand Co., inc. Members of the Technical Staff, Bell Telephone Laboratories
  7. ^ a b Miller, Stephen (October 14, 2011). "Pioneer Programmer Shaped the Evolution of Computers". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  8. ^ Liz, Keill (February 1, 2011). "Berkeley Heights man wins Japan Prize for inventing UNIX operating system". Independent Press. Retrieved October 17, 2011. Ritchie, 69, has lived in Berkeley Heights for 15 years. He was born in Bronxville, New York, grew up in Summit and attended Summit High School before going to Harvard University.
  9. ^ van Renesse, Robbert (January 2014). "The First SIGOPS Dennis M. Ritchie Doctoral Dissertation Award". ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review. 48 (1): 100. doi:10.1145/2626401.2626421. S2CID 34452214.
  10. ^ "Discovering Dennis Ritchie's Lost Dissertation". CHM. June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
  11. ^ "Discovering Dennis Ritchie's Lost Dissertation". CHM. June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
  12. ^ Ritchie, Dennis M. "The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System". Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  13. ^ Ritchie, Dennis. "The Development of the C Language". Bell Labs. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  14. ^ a b "Dabbling in Cryptography". Bell-labs.com. May 5, 2000. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  15. ^ "Dennis Ritchie, father of C programming language, dies". cnet. October 13, 2011.
  16. ^ [Pioneer Programmer Shaped the Evolution of Computers, Wall Street Journal, October 14, 2011, p.A7]
  17. ^ McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139.
  18. ^ a b Benet, Manuel (1999). "Interview With Dennis M. Ritchie". LinuxFocus.org.
  19. ^ "A.M. Turing Award Laureate - Dennis M. Ritchie". amturing.acm.org. ACM. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  20. ^ Ritchie, Dennis M. (1987), "1983 Turing Award Lecture: Reflections on Software Research", ACM Turing Award Lectures: The First Twenty Years 1666–1985, ACM Press Anthology Series, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, pp. 163–169, retrieved January 30, 2012
  21. ^ "IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal Recipients" (PDF). IEEE. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  22. ^ CHM. "Dennis Ritchie — CHM Fellow Award Winner". Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
  23. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 27, 2006. Retrieved September 6, 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 11, 2003. Retrieved November 4, 2003.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ^ "Dennis Ritchie, Bell Labs Researcher and Co-Inventor of Unix, Receives 2005 Industrial Research Institute Achievement Award". Alcatel-Lucent Press Release. November 15, 2005. Archived from the original on February 4, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  26. ^ Benny, Evangelista (January 25, 2011). "Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie win Japan Prize". San Francisco Chronicle.
  27. ^ Associated Press (October 13, 2011), "Summary Box: Dennis Ritchie, pioneer in computer programming at Bell Labs, dies at 70", The Washington Post, retrieved October 14, 2011, NOT KNOWN: Alcatel-Lucent confirmed his death to The Associated Press but would not disclose the cause of death or when Ritchie died.
  28. ^ Gallagher, Sean (October 13, 2011). "Dennis Ritchie, Father of C and Co-Developer of Unix, Dies". Wired. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
  29. ^ Binstock, Andrew. "Dennis Ritchie, in Memoriam". Dr. Dobb's Journal. Dr. Dobb's Journal. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
  30. ^ Srinivasan, Rajeev (October 25, 2011). "Dennis Ritchie, a tech genius as great as Steve Jobs". Firstpost. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  31. ^ Langer, Emily (October 14, 2011). "Dennis Ritchie, founder of Unix and C, dies at 70". Washington Post. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
  32. ^ Shishir Prasad (November 4, 2011). "No one thought 'C' would become so big: Brian Kernighan". Forbes India. Retrieved November 28, 2011. Q Did Dennis Ritchie or you ever think C would become so popular? [Kernighan] I don't think that at the time Dennis worked on Unix and C anyone thought these would become as big as they did. Unix, at that time, was a research project inside Bell Labs.
  33. ^ Steve Lohroct (October 13, 2011). "Dennis Ritchie, 70, Dies, Programming Trailblazer". The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  34. ^ "Myths of Steve Jobs". Deccan Herald. November 28, 2011. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2011. Dennis Ritchie, the inventor of the C language and co-inventor of the Unix operating system, died a few days after Steve Jobs. He was far more influential than Jobs.
  35. ^ Subhajit Datta (November 14, 2011). "The tale of three deeply different technologists". The Hindu. Archived from the original on January 28, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
  36. ^ David Cardinal (November 2, 2011). "Dennis Ritchie, creator of C, bids "goodbye, world"". Extreme Tech. Retrieved November 28, 2011. The book came off the shelf in service of teaching another generation a simple, elegant way to program that allows the developer to be directly in touch with the innards of the computer. The lowly integer variable—int—has grown in size over the years as computers have grown, but the C language and its sparse, clean, coding style live on. For that we all owe a lot to Dennis Ritchie.
  37. ^ "Dennis Ritchie and John McCarthy: Dennis Ritchie and John McCarthy, machine whisperers, died on October 8th and 24th respectively, aged 70 and 84". The Economist. November 5, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2011. NOW that digital devices are fashion items, it is easy to forget what really accounts for their near-magical properties. Without the operating systems which tell their different physical bits what to do, and without the languages in which these commands are couched, the latest iSomething would be a pretty but empty receptacle. The gizmos of the digital age owe a part of their numeric souls to Dennis Ritchie and John McCarthy.
  38. ^ "The Strange Birth and Long Life of Unix". Newswise. November 23, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2011. Four decades ago, Ken Thompson, the late Dennis Ritchie, and others at AT&T's Bell Laboratories developed Unix, which turned out to be one of the most influential pieces of software ever written. Their work on this operating system had to be done on the sly, though, because their employer had recently backed away from operating-systems research.
  39. ^ Shyamanuja Das (November 1, 2011). "The forgotten tech luminaries: The new generation of the digital age owe a part of their numeric souls to Dennis Ritchie and John McCarthy". Ciol.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2011. UNIX, to the development of which Ritchie greatly contributed, and whose C made it possible it to be ported to other machines, is, even today, in its different avatars, the de facto OS for anything that is mission critical. Solaris, AIX, HP-UX, Linux—all these are derived from UNIX.
  40. ^ Duncan, Geoff (October 13, 2011). "Was Dennis Ritchie more important than Steve Jobs?". Digital Trends. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  41. ^ Perlow, Jason (October 9, 2015). "Without Dennis Ritchie, there would be no Steve Jobs". ZDNet.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  42. ^ "What Can We Learn From Dennis Ritchie?". TechCrunch.com. October 15, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  43. ^ Phoronix. "Red Hat Releases Fedora 16 "Verne"". Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  44. ^ The FreeBSD project. "FreeBSD-9.0 Announcement". Retrieved January 12, 2012.
  45. ^ "294727 Dennisritchie (2008 BV41)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
  46. ^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
  47. ^ Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0131101630. OCLC 3608698.

External links[edit]

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