Bayezid I

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Bayezid I
بايزيد اول
Sultan-ı İklîm-i Rum
Khan
Bayezid I by Cristofano dell'Altissimo.jpg
Portrait of Bayezid I by Cristofano dell'Altissimo (1552–1562)
4th Ottoman Sultan
Reign16 June 1389 ‒ 20 July 1402
PredecessorMurad I
SuccessorInterregnum (1402 – 1413)
Mehmed I
Born10 May 1354
Ottoman Beylik
Died8 March 1403(1403-03-08) (aged 48)
Timurid Empire
Burial
Bursa
ConsortsSultan Hatun
Devlet Hatun
Hafsa Hatun
Despina Hatun
Maria Hatun
IssueSee below
Full name
Bayezid Han bin Murad Han
DynastyOttoman
FatherMurad I
MotherGülçiçek Hatun
ReligionIslam
TughraBayezid I بايزيد اول's signature

Bayezid I (Ottoman Turkish: بايزيد اول‎; Turkish: I. Bayezid, Yıldırım Bayezid (nicknamed Yıldırım, Ottoman Turkish: یلدیرم‎, romanized: Yıldırım, "Lightning, Thunderbolt"); 1354 – 8 March 1403)[1] was the Ottoman Sultan from 1389 to 1402. He was the son of Murad I[2][3] and Gülçiçek Hatun. He built one of the largest armies in the known world at the time and unsuccessfully besieged Constantinople. He adopted the title of Sultan-i Rûm, Rûm being an old Islamic name for the Roman Empire.[4] He decisively defeated the Crusaders at Nicopolis (in modern Bulgaria) in 1396, and was himself defeated and captured by Timur at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and died in captivity in March 1403, triggering the Ottoman Interregnum.

Biography[edit]

The first major role of Bayezid was as governor of Kütahya, a city that was conquered from the Germiyanids. He was an impetuous soldier, earning the nickname Lightning in a battle against the Karamanids.

Bayezid ascended to the throne following the death of his father Murad I, who was killed by Serbian knight Miloš Obilić during (15 June), or immediately after (16 June), the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, by which Serbia became a vassal of the Ottoman Sultanate. Immediately after obtaining the throne, he had his younger brother strangled to avoid a plot. In 1390, Bayezid took as a wife Princess Olivera Despina, the daughter of Prince Lazar of Serbia,[5] who also lost his life in Kosovo. Bayezid recognized Stefan Lazarević, the son of Lazar, as the new Serbian leader (later despot), with considerable autonomy.

A manuscript of the Quran from the reign of Bayezid I

The upper Serbia resisted the Ottomans until general Pasha Yiğit Bey captured the city of Skopje in 1391, converting the city to an important base of operations.

Efforts to unify Anatolia[edit]

Meanwhile, the sultan began unifying Anatolia under his rule. Forcible expansion into Muslim territories could endanger the Ottoman relationship with the gazis, who were an important source of warriors for this ruling house on the European frontier. So Bayezid began the practice to first secure fatwas, or legal rulings from Islamic scholars, justifying their wars against these Muslim states. However he suspected the loyalty of his Muslim Turkoman followers, for Bayezid relied heavily on his Serbian and Byzantine vassal troops to perform these conquests.[6]

In a single campaign over the summer and fall of 1390, Bayezid conquered the beyliks of Aydin, Saruhan and Menteshe. His major rival Sulayman, the emir of Karaman, responded by allying himself with the ruler of Sivas, Kadi Burhan al-Din and the remaining Turkish beyliks. Nevertheless, Bayezid pushed on and in the fall and winter of 1390 overwhelmed the remaining beyliks -- Hamid, Teke, and Germiyan—as well as taking the cities of Akşehir and Niğde, as well as their capital Konya from the Karaman. At this point, Bayezid accepted peace proposals from Karaman (1391), concerned that further advances would antagonize his Turkoman followers and lead them to ally with Kadi Burhan al-Din. Once peace had been made with Karaman, Bayezid moved north against Kastamonu which had given refuge to many fleeing from his forces, and conquered both that city as well as Sinop.[7] However, his subsequent campaign was stopped by Burhan al-Din at the Battle of Kırkdilim.

From 1389 to 1395 he conquered Bulgaria and northern Greece. In 1394 Bayezid crossed the River Danube to attack Wallachia, ruled at that time by Mircea the Elder. The Ottomans were superior in number, but on 10 October 1394 (or 17 May 1395), in the Battle of Rovine, on forested and swampy terrain, the Wallachians won the fierce battle and prevented Bayezid's army from advancing beyond the Danube.[8]

In 1394, Bayezid laid siege to Constantinople,[9] the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Anadoluhisarı fortress was built between 1393 and 1394 as part of preparations for the Second Ottoman Siege of Constantinople, which took place in 1395. On the urgings of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaeologus a new crusade was organized to defeat him. This proved unsuccessful: in 1396 the Christian allies, under the leadership of the King of Hungary and future Holy Roman Emperor (in 1433) Sigismund, were defeated in the Battle of Nicopolis. Bayezid built the magnificent Ulu Cami in Bursa, to celebrate this victory.

Thus the siege of Constantinople continued, lasting until 1402.[10] The beleaguered Byzantines had their reprieve when Bayezid fought the Timurid Empire in the East.[11] At this time, the empire of Bayezid included Thrace (except Constantinople), Macedonia, Bulgaria, and parts of Serbia in Europe. In Asia, his domains extended to the Taurus Mountains. His army was considered one of the best in the Islamic world.

Clash with Timur[edit]

In 1397, Bayezid defeated the emir of Karaman in Akçay, killing him and annexing his territory. In 1398, the sultan conquered the Djanik emirate and the territory of Burhan al-Din, violating the accord with Timur. Finally, Bayezid occupied Elbistan and Malatya.

In 1400, the Turco-Mongol warlord Timur succeeded in rousing the local Turkic beyliks who had been vassals of the Ottomans to join him in his attack on Bayezid, who was also considered one of the most powerful rulers in the Muslim world during that period. Years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes.

This is the excerpt from one of Timur's letters addressed to Ottoman sultan:

"Believe me, you are but pismire ant: don't seek to fight the elephants for they'll crush you under their feet. Shall a petty prince such as you are contend with us? But your rodomontades (braggadocio) are not extraordinary; for a Turcoman never spake with judgement. If you don't follow our counsels you will regret it[12]".

In the fateful Battle of Ankara, on 20 July 1402, Bayezid was captured by Timur and the Ottoman army was defeated. Many writers claim that Bayezid was mistreated by the Timurids. However, writers and historians from Timur's own court reported that Bayezid was treated well, and that Timur even mourned his death.[13] One of Bayezid's sons, Mustafa Çelebi, was captured with him and held captive in Samarkand until 1405.

Four of Bayezid's sons, specifically Süleyman Çelebi, İsa Çelebi, Mehmed Çelebi, and Musa Çelebi, however, escaped from the battlefield and later started a civil war for the Ottoman throne known as the Ottoman Interregnum.[14] After Mehmed's victory, his coronation as Mehmed I, and the death of all four but Mehmed, Bayezid's other son Mustafa Çelebi emerged from hiding and began two failed rebellions against his brother Mehmed and, after Mehmed's death, his nephew Murat II.

Bayezid I held captive by Timur, painting by Stanisław Chlebowski (oil on canvas, 1878)

Family[edit]

His mother was Gülçiçek Hatun who was of ethnic Greek descent.[2][15]

Consorts

Bayezid had five consorts

The türbe (tomb) of Yıldırım Bayezid is located at Yıldırım Bayezid Camii
Sons
  • Şehzade Ertuğrul Çelebi; (1378 – 1400);
  • Şehzade Süleyman Çelebi (1377 – 1411), co-sultan of Rumelia;
  • Şehzade İsa Çelebi (1380 – 1403), governor of Anatolia;
  • Şehzade Mehmed Çelebi (1382 – 1421), governor of Anatolia, and later sultan Mehmed I (reign 1413–1421), with Devlet Hatun;
  • Şehzade Musa Çelebi (1388 – 1413), sultan of Rumelia (1410–1413)
  • Şehzade Mustafa Çelebi (1393 – 1422);
  • Şehzade Yusuf Çelebi, converted to Christianity, changed his name to Demetrios;[20]
  • Şehzade Kasım Çelebi, sent as a hostage to Constantinople together with his sister, Fatma Hatun;[21]
Daughters
  • Hundi Hatun, married to Damat Seyyid Şemseddin Mehmed Buhari, Emir Sultan;[22]
  • Erhondu Hatun, married to Damat Yakup Bey son of Pars Bey;[22]
  • Fatma Hatun, married to a Sanjak Bey;[22]
  • Oruz Hatun, who had a daughter named Ayşe Hatun;[22]
  • A daughter, married to Abu Bakar Mirza, son of Jalal ud-din Miran Shah son of Timur;

In fiction[edit]

The Battle of Nicopolis, as depicted by Turkish miniaturist in 1588[23]

The defeat of Bayezid became a popular subject for later Western writers, composers, and painters. They embellished the legend that he was taken by Timur to Samarkand with a cast of characters to create an oriental fantasy that has maintained its appeal. Christopher Marlowe's play Tamburlaine the Great was first performed in London in 1587, three years after the formal opening of English-Ottoman trade relations when William Harborne sailed for Constantinople as an agent of the Levant Company.

In 1648, the play Le Gran Tamerlan et Bejezet by Jean Magnon appeared in London, and in 1725, Handel's Tamerlano was first performed and published in London;[24] Vivaldi's version of the story, Bajazet, was written in 1735. Magnon had given Bayezid an intriguing wife and daughter; the Handel and Vivaldi renditions included, as well as Tamerlane and Bayezid and his daughter, a prince of Byzantium and a princess of Trebizond (Trabzon) in a passionate love story. A cycle of paintings in Schloss Eggenberg, near Graz in Austria, translated the theme to a different medium; this was completed in the 1670s shortly before the Ottoman army attacked the Habsburgs in central Europe.[25]

The historical novel The Grand Cham (1921) by Harold Lamb focuses on the quest of its European hero to gain the assistance of Tamerlane in defeating Bayezid.[26] Bayezid (spelled Bayazid) is a central character in the Robert E. Howard story Lord of Samarcand,[27] where he commits suicide at Tamerlane's victory banquet. Bayazid is a main character in the novel The Walls of Byzantium (2013) by James Heneage.[28]

In popular culture[edit]

Sultan Bayazit was portrayed in the Serbian 1989 historical drama film Battle of Kosovo, as a participant of the Battle of Kosovo by actor Branislav Lečić, and in the Romanian historical drama Mircea (Proud heritage) by Ion Ritiu as a young Sultan who fought in the battles of Rovine, Nicopolis and Angora.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ "Bayezid I - Ottoman sultan". britannica.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016.
  2. ^ a b Lowry, Heath W. (2003) The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, p. 153
  3. ^ Runciman, Steven The Fall of Constantinople. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 36
  4. ^ Peirce, Leslie P. (11 May 1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195086775. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ Halil Inalcik, "Bayezid I", The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. I, Ed. H.A.R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal and J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 1118.
  6. ^ Stanford Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Cambridge: University Press, 1976), vol. 1 p. 30
  7. ^ Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, vol. 1 pp. 30f
  8. ^ John V.A. Fine, The Late Medieval Balkans, (The University of Michigan Press, 1994), 424.
  9. ^ Mango, Cyril. The Oxford History of Byzantium. 1st ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2002. p. 273-4
  10. ^ Nancy Bisaha, Creating East And West: Renaissance Humanists And the Ottoman Turks, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 98.
  11. ^ Dimitris J. Kastritsis, The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-13, (Brill, 2007), 5.
  12. ^ Rhoads Murphey, Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household 1400-1800; published by Continium, 2008; page-58
  13. ^ MESERVE, Margaret; Meserve, Margaret (30 June 2009). Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674040953.
  14. ^ Dimitris J. Kastritsis,1-3.
  15. ^ Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, Vol. 1 p. 28
  16. ^ Köprülü, Mehmet Fuat (1966). Edebiyat araştırmaları. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. p. 76.
  17. ^ a b Öztürk, Necdet (30 January 2014). Osmanlı Sosyal Hayati. Işık Yayıncılık Ticaret.
  18. ^ a b Uluçay, M. Çağatay (1985). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Türk Tarih Kurumu. pp. 24–5.
  19. ^ Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1968). The Byzantine Family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) Ca. 1100-1460: A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study, Volume 11. Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, trustees for Harvard University. p. 161.
  20. ^ Kastritsis (2007, p. 41)
  21. ^ Kastritsis (2007, p. 41)
  22. ^ a b c d Mustafa Çağatay Uluçay (2011). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Ankara, Ötüken. pp. 25–6.
  23. ^ "Battle of Nicopolis (1396)" from Seyyid Lokman (1588): Hünernâme
  24. ^ London: Printed & sold by J. Cluer, [1725]
  25. ^ Finkel, C. (2006) The History of the Ottoman Empire: Osman's Dream. New York: Basic Books; p. 30
  26. ^ Lamb, Harold. Swords from the West. Lincoln; University of Nebraska Press, 2009 ISBN 9780803226203 (p.603)
  27. ^ Howard, Robert E. (1973) Sowers of the Thunder, Ace Science Fiction
  28. ^ " The Walls of Byzantium...[where] The Armies of the Ottoman Emperor Bayazid threaten Constantinople and the few remaining outposts of its empire". Cited in "Three More Tales of the Byzantine Empire". BBC History Magazine, 10 September 2015 (p. 74).

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

Bayezid I
Born: 1354 Died: 8 March 1403
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Murad I 		Ottoman Sultan
16 June 1389 – 20 July 1402 		Succeeded by
Mehmed I
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