Early music

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For other uses, see Early music (disambiguation).
Renaissance-era lute and viol, depicted in a detail from a painting by Francesco Francia
Periods, eras, and movements of
Western classical music
Early period
Medieval era c. 500–1400
 • Ars antiqua c. 1170–1310
 • Ars nova c. 1310–1377
 • Ars subtilior c. 1360–1420
Renaissance era c. 1400–1600
Common practice period
Baroque era c. 1580–1750
 • Late Baroque c. 1680–1750
Galant music c. 1720–1780
 • empfindsamer Stil c. 1740s–1780
Classical era c. 1750–1820
 • Mannheim school c. 1740s–1770
 • Sturm und Drang c. 1770s
Romantic era c. 1800–1910
Late 19th-century to 20th- and 21st-centuries
Modernism c. 1890–1975
 • Impressionism c. 1890–1930
 • Expressionism c. 1900–1930
 • 2nd Viennese School c. 1900–1960
 • Neoclassicism c. 1920–1950
 • Serialism c. 1920–1975
Contemporary from c. 1950
 • Minimalism from c. 1960
 • Postmodernism from c. 1960s
 • Postminimalism from c. 1980

Early music generally comprises Medieval music (500–1400) and Renaissance music (1400–1600), but can also include Baroque music (1600–1750). Early music is a broad musical era for the beginning of Western art music.

Terminology[edit]

Interpretations of historical scope of "early music" vary. The original Academy of Ancient Music formed in 1726 defined "Ancient" music as works written by composers who lived before the end of the 16th century. Johannes Brahms and his contemporaries would have understood Early music to range from the High Renaissance and Baroque, while some scholars consider that Early music should include the music of ancient Greece or Rome before 500 AD (a period that is generally covered by the term Ancient music).[1] Music critic Michael Kennedy excludes Baroque, defining Early music as "musical compositions from [the] earliest times up to and including music of [the] Renaissance period".[2]

Musicologist Thomas Forrest Kelly considers that the essence of Early music is the revival of "forgotten" musical repertoire and that the term is intertwined with the rediscovery of old performance practice.[3] According to the UK's National Centre for Early Music, the term "early music" refers to both a repertory (European music written between 1250 and 1750 embracing Medieval, Renaissance and the Baroque) – and a historically informed approach to the performance of that music.[4]

Today, the understanding of "Early music" has come to include "any music for which a historically appropriate style of performance must be reconstructed on the basis of surviving scores, treatises, instruments and other contemporary evidence."[5]

Revival[edit]

The Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin, modern performers of Early music
Main article: Early music revival

In the later 20th century there was a resurgence of interest in the performance of music from the Medieval and Renaissance eras, and a number of instrumental consorts and choral ensembles specialising in Early music repertoire were formed. Groups such as the Tallis Scholars, the Early Music Consort and the Taverner Consort and Players have been influential in bringing Early music to modern audiences through performances and popular recordings.[6]

Performance practice[edit]

Main article: Historically informed performance

The revival of interest in Early music has given rise to a scholarly approach to the performance of music. Through academic musicological research of music treatises, urtext editions of musical scores and other historical evidence, performers attempt to be faithful to the performance style of the musical era in which a work was originally conceived. Additionally, there has been a rise in the use of original or reproduction period instruments as part of the performance of Early music, such as the revival of the harpsichord or the viol.[7]

The practice of "historically informed performance" is nevertheless dependent on stylistic inference. According to Margaret Bent, Renaissance notation is not as prescriptive as modern scoring, and there is much that was left to the performer's interpretation: "Renaissance notation is under-prescriptive by our standards; when translated into modern form it acquires a prescriptive weight that overspecifies and distorts its original openness. Accidentals … may or may not have been notated, but what modern notation requires would then have been perfectly apparent without notation to a singer versed in counterpoint".[8]

See also[edit]

Western classical music
periods and eras
Early period c. 500–1600
* Medieval era c. 500–1400
* Renaissance era c. 1400–1600
Common practice period c. 1600–1910
* Baroque era c. 1580–1750
* Galant music c. 1720–1780
* Classical era c. 1750–1820
* Class. → Rom. trans. c. 1800–1820
* Romantic era c. 1800–1910
20th- and 21st-centuries c. 1890–present
* Modernist era c. 1890–1975
* Postmodern era c. 1960–present

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Haskell, Harry (1988). The Early Music Revival: A History. Courier Corporation. p. 9. ISBN 9780486291628. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  2. ^ Michael Kennedy; Tim Rutherford-Johnson; Joyce Bourne Kennedy (2013). "Early music". The Oxford Dictionary of Music. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press Oxford. p. 255. ISBN 9780199578542.
  3. ^ Kelly, Thomas Forrest (2011). "1. What does "early music" mean?". Early Music: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9780199831890. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  4. ^ "About Us". National Centre for Early Music. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  5. ^ Harry Haskell, "Early Music", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001.
  6. ^ Nick Wilson (2013). The Art of Re-enchantment: Making Early Music in the Modern Age. New York: Oxford University Press USA. p. 76. ISBN 9780199939930. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  7. ^ Lawson, Colin; Stowell, Robin (1999). The Historical Performance of Music : An Introduction (5th printing. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 17–18. ISBN 9780521627382.
  8. ^ Margaret Bent, "The Grammar of Early Music: Preconditions for Analysis", p. 25. In Tonal Structures in Early Music, edited by Cristle Collins Judd, 15–59 (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1998; Criticism and Analysis of Early Music 1), New York: Garland Publishing, 1998. ISBN 0-8153-2388-3.

Further reading[edit]

  • Davidson, Audrey Ekdahl. 2008. Aspects of Early Music and Performance. New York: AMS Press. ISBN 978-0-404-64601-1.
  • Donington, Robert. 1989. The Interpretation of Early Music, new revised edition. London and Boston: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-15040-3.
  • Epp, Maureen, and Brian E. Power (eds.). 2009. The Sounds and Sights of Performance in Early Music: Essays in Honour of Timothy J. Mcgee. Farnham, Surrey (UK); Burlington, VT: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-5483-4.
  • Haynes, Bruce. 2007. The End of Early Music: A Period Performer's History of Music for the Twenty-First Century. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518987-2.
  • Remnant, M. "The Use of Frets on Rebecs and Medieval Fiddles" Galpin Society Journal, 21, 1968, p. 146.
  • Remnant, M. and Marks, R. 1980. "A medieval 'gittern' ", British Museum Yearbook 4, Music and Civilisation, 83–134.
  • Remnant, M. "Musical Instruments of the West". 240 pp. Batsford, London, 1978. Reprinted by Batsford in 1989 ISBN 9780713451696. Digitized by the University of Michigan 17 May 2010.
  • Remnant, Mary (1986). English Bowed Instruments from Anglo-Saxon to Tudor Times. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-1981-6134-9.
  • Remnant, Mary (1989). Musical Instruments: An Illustrated History : from Antiquity to the Present. 54. Amadeus Press. ISBN 978-0-9313-4023-9.
  • Roche, Jerome, and Elizabeth Roche. 1981. A Dictionary of Early Music: From the Troubadours to Monteverdi. London: Faber Music in association with Faber & Faber; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-571-10035-X (UK, cloth); ISBN 0-571-10036-8 (UK, pbk); ISBN 0-19-520255-4 (US, cloth).
  • Sherman, Bernard. 1997. Inside Early Music: Conversations with Performers. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509708-4.
  • Stevens, Denis. 1997. Early Music, revised edition. Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides. London: Kahn & Averill. ISBN 1-871082-62-5. First published as Musicology (London: Macdonald & Co. Ltd, 1980).

External links[edit]

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