Burkina Faso Armed Forces

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Burkina Faso Armed Forces
Forces armées du Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso Coat of arms (vectored).svg
Coat of arms of Burkina Faso
Current form1985
Service branchesArmy
Air Force
National Gendarmerie
People's Militia
HeadquartersOuagadougou
Leadership
PresidentRoch Marc Christian Kaboré
Minister of Defense and Veteran AffairsRoch Marc Christian Kaboré
Chief of General StaffBrigadier General Moise Minoungou
Manpower
Active personnel11,200 (IISS estimate 2012: Army 6,400, Air 600, Gendarmerie 4,200)
Expenditures
Percent of GDP1.2% (2006)[1][needs update]
Related articles
HistoryAgacher Strip War
Sierra Leone Civil War
Insurgency in the Maghreb
RanksMilitary ranks of Burkina Faso

The Burkina Faso Armed Forces (French: Forces armées du Burkina Faso) is the term used for the national military of Burkina Faso. The service branches of the armed forces include its Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie and People's Militia. Being a landlocked country, Burkina Faso has no navy.

History[edit]

In 1966 a military coup deposed the first president of Upper Volta, Maurice Yaméogo, suspended the constitution, dissolved the National Assembly, and placed Lieutenant Colonel Sangoulé Lamizana at the head of a government of senior army officers. The army remained in power for 4 years; on June 14, 1970, the Voltans ratified a new constitution that established a 4-year transition period toward complete civilian rule. Lamizana remained in power throughout the 1970s as president of military or mixed civil-military governments. After conflict over the 1970 constitution, a new constitution was written and approved in 1977, and Lamizana was reelected by open elections in 1978.

Lamizana's government faced problems with the country's traditionally powerful trade unions and on November 25, 1980, Colonel Saye Zerbo overthrew President Lamizana in a bloodless coup. Colonel Zerbo established the Military Committee of Recovery for National Progress as the supreme governmental authority, thus eradicating the 1977 constitution.

Colonel Zerbo also encountered resistance from trade unions and was overthrown two years later on November 7, 1982, by Major Dr. Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo and the Council of Popular Salvation (CSP). The CSP continued to ban political parties and organisations, yet promised a transition to civilian rule and a new constitution.

Factional infighting developed between moderates in the CSP and radicals led by Captain Thomas Sankara, who was appointed prime minister in January 1983. The internal political struggle and Sankara's leftist rhetoric led to his arrest and subsequent efforts to bring about his release, directed by Captain Blaise Compaoré. This release effort resulted in yet another military coup d'état on August 4, 1983. Compaoré came to power in a 1987 coup that led to the death of Sankara.

On February 15, 2011, soldiers mutinied in Ouagadougou over unpaid housing allowances.[2] On April 18, 2011, it was reported that the mutiny had spread to Kaya after demonstrations in Pô and Tenkodogo.[3] On April 29, 2011, the army said the mutiny would end after Compaoré promised to improve the military's housing, clothing and food allowances,[4] though there were later protests by soldiers.[5][6]

After a coup by members of the Regiment of Presidential Security on September 16, 2015, army units marched on Ouagadougou to oppose the coup, resulting in the restoration of Burkina Faso's transitional government (which was appointed after the 2014 Burkinabe uprising) on September 23, 2015.

Ground forces[edit]

Soldiers from Burkina Faso before deployment to an exercise in Mali (2010)

The Army of Burkina Faso (Armée de Terre – Ground Forces) is a skeletonised force structure of some 5,800–6,000 officers and men, augmented by a conscript force or People's Militia of some 45,000 men and women. Unlike the police and security forces, the Army and the People's Militia are organised along Soviet/Chinese models and precepts. The Army is equipped with light wheeled armoured cars, some mounting cannon.

The International Institute for Strategic Studies estimated in 2011–12 that Burkina Faso had 6,400 personnel in the Armee de Terre in three military regions, one tank battalion (two tank platoons), five infantry regiments that may be under-strength, and an airborne regiment. Artillery and engineer battalions are also listed.[7]

In recent years, the United States has begun providing military assistance and training to Burkina Faso's ground forces. It has trained three 750-man battalions for peace support operations in Darfur. During a recent UN inspection, a U.S. Department of Defense evaluation team found Burkina's Laafi battalion fit to deploy to Sudan. Using a small Department of Defense International Military Education and Training (IMET) budget, the U.S. Embassy has established English-language courses at an LAT military base, and has brought LAT officers to attend officer basic training courses in the U.S. The government of Burkina Faso has also accepted additional U.S. training assistance in counter-terrorism tactics and humanitarian assistance. Burkina Faso has recently become a member of the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership (TSCTP).[8]

Three years of increasingly frequent and deadly attacks, by various jihadist groups, prompted the replacement of the Army Chief of Staff, General Oumarou Sadou, appointed three years ago with the same mandate, with General Moise Minoungou on 6 January 2019.[9][10]

There is a multi-national training camp in Loumbila Department, staffed by Czech and Polish instructors.[11]

Equipment[edit]

Small arms[edit]

A Burkinabé soldier with an AKM during an exercise.
Name Origin Type Variant Notes
Walther PP[12] Germany Semi-auto pistol
HK G3[12] Germany Assault rifle
AK-47[13] Russia Assault rifle AKM, AK-103, AK-12
FN MAG[12] Belgium General purpose machine gun
SIG SG 540[12] Switzerland Assault rifle
M2 Browning[12] United States Heavy machine gun M2HB
RPG-7[12] Soviet Union Rocket-propelled grenade

Armour[edit]

A Burkinabé ACMAT ALTV.
A Burkinabé Bastion APC.
Name Origin Type In service Notes
Armoured fighting vehicle
ACMAT Bastion France Armored personnel carrier 100+[14]
Panhard M3 France APC 13[15]
PUMA M26-15 South Africa MRAP 31[15]
Gila South Africa MBPV 6[16]
Eland-90 South Africa Armoured car 4[16]
Panhard AML 60 France Armoured car 15[16] of which 13 were AML 90
EE-9 Cascavel Brazil Armoured car 24[15]
M8 Greyhound United States Armoured car 10 including 2 M20 armoured utility car[15]
Ferret armoured car United Kingdom Armoured car 30[15]
ACMAT ALTV[17] France Tactical vehicle 10+[18]

Air Force[edit]

The roundel used by the Air Force

The Air Force was founded in 1964 as the Escadrille de la République de Haute-Volta (EHV) or the Republic of Upper Volta Air Squadron, a subordinate unit of the Army. That year, a transient air support base was created with the assistance of the French Air Force. After acquiring an initial fleet of utility and transport aircraft, the squadron was attached to an inter-army support regiment. In 1970, the Escadrille was renamed the Force Aérienne de Haute-Volta, or FAHV, and in 1977 became an autonomous force. In October 1985, the Force Aérienne de Burkina Faso, or FABF, was officially inaugurated.

The EHV was initially formed with two Douglas C-47 Skytrain and three MH.1521M Broussard aircraft. These were later followed by two Alouette III SA.316 B helicopters, used mostly for liaison purposes, one twin-engined Aero Commander 500 light utility aircraft, two Hawker-Siddeley HS.748-2A twin turboprop transport aircraft, and two Nord 262 twin turboprop transport aircraft. Two escadrilles (squadrons) or sub-formations were created: the Escadrille de Transport (Transport Unit), and the Escadrille d'Hélicoptères (Helicopter Unit). Later, the Escadrille d'Entraînement (Training Unit) was added. All squadrons were initially based at Ouagadougou.

In mid-1984, Libyan military aid brought eight Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 jet fighters, along with two MiG-21U combat trainer versions. These ex-Libyan Air Force' MiG-21 Fishbed' fighters were based in Ouagadougou, although they were actually operated by the Libyan Air Force on loan by Libya, and were removed in 1985 without seeing combat. A single MiG-17F Fresco that was also operated by the FABF did see combat service in the Agacher Strip War in 1985–86. In 1985, the FABF also acquired two ex-Soviet Mi-4 transport helicopters from an unknown supplier, followed by an additional two Mi-4s. The Mi-4s were operated by the FABF until the late 1980s, when they were taken out of service. Five Mi-8/17 transport helicopters were later added to the Escadrille d'Hélicoptères. While supervising the ceasefire after the Agacher Strip War, an FABF SA.316B Alouette III crashed at Kouni on 14 January 1986, leaving only one SA.316B still in service with the Escadrille d'Hélicoptères.

In 1986, the FABF formed a new unit, the Escadrille de Chasse (EdC) (Attack Unit). In mid-1986 six ex-Philippine Air Force SF.260WP Warrior armed trainers/light strike aircraft were acquired from a dealer in Belgium, which offered the FABF a much simpler and less expensive alternative in tactical air support to the expensive MiGs. The Warriors were not only used for pilot training, but also as light strike aircraft, and a number of them were employed by the FABF's Escadrille de Chasse (EdC). Four additional SF.260WPs were subsequently bought directly from Italy. The six ex-Philippine SF.260WP aircraft were taken out of service in 1993 and returned to their previous owner, although the four newly built SF.260WP aircraft were retained in service, and stationed at Bobo Dioulasso air base.

Most of the other light aircraft acquired by the FABF in the 1970s and 1980s have also now been retired along with the Mi-4 helicopters, but some recent acquisitions have been made, including a Beechcraft King Air, a Piper PA-34 Seneca, a CEAPR Robin light training aircraft, and a single Air Tractor AT-802 aerial sprayer aircraft for spraying insecticides, purchased after the northern part of the country suffered heavy crop damage from a 2004 invasion of swarming locusts. In 2009, two Xenon Gyroplane autogyros were purchased for use by police and security forces.

In late 2005, the FABF acquired two Mil Mi-35 'Hind' attack helicopters from Russia in apparent response by moves by neighbouring Ivory Coast to bolster its own air attack capabilities during the Ivorian Civil War.

Aircraft[edit]

An SF 260C in France, painted in the Burkina Faso Air Force livery
Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat Aircraft
Embraer EMB-314 Brazil light attack 3[19]
Transport
Beechcraft Super King Air United States transport 200 1[19]
Helicopters
Mil Mi-17 Russia utility Mi-171 3 2 on order[19]
Mil Mi-24 Russia attack 2[19]
Bell UH-1 United States utility UH-1H 2[19] donated by the Government of Taiwan[20]
Eurocopter AS350 France utility 1[19]
Trainer Aircraft
SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 Italy basic trainer 4[19]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ "CIA World Factbook". CIA. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  2. ^ "Soldiers go on rampage over pay in Burkina Faso". London: "The Independent". 16 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
  3. ^ Stratfor.com, 'Burkina Faso: Army Mutiny Spreads', April 18, 2011
  4. ^ Burkina president says army vows to end protests
  5. ^ Gongo, Simon (25 May 2011). "Three Killed, 136 Injured in Burkina Faso Protest, Fasozine Says". Bloomberg.
  6. ^ Gongo, Simon (2 June 2011)."Burkina Faso Soldiers Protest, Fire Shots and Loot Shops in Bobo Dioulasso". Bloomberg. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  7. ^ IISS Military Balance 2012, 423–424.
  8. ^ U.S. Dept. of State, Background Note: Burkina Faso – Profile June 2009
  9. ^ "Burkina Faso: Moise Minoungou appointed Army chief of staff". (in English) APA news (Agence de Presse Africaine). Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  10. ^ "Burkina army chief sacked as jihadist attacks continue". pulse.com.gh (Ghana). Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  11. ^ Schmitt, Eric (March 1, 2019). "Where Terrorism Is Rising in Africa and the U.S. Is Leaving". The New York Times. At an Army training range in Loumbila, 15 miles northeast of Ouagadougou, Malian and Burkinabe commandos practiced marksmanship with AK-47 rifles and Beretta pistols under the watchful eye of Czech and Polish trainers barking out instructions in French.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009). ISBN 978-0710628695.
  13. ^ "Burkina Faso Army defence force ranks military pattern camouflage combat field uniforms dress grades - Army Recognition - Army Recognition". Armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  14. ^ Binnie, Jeremy; de Cherisey, Erwan (2017). "New-model African armies" (PDF). Jane's. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  15. ^ a b c d e International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). "Chapter Nine: Sub-Saharan Africa" (PDF). The Military Balance 2016. 116. Routlegde. pp. 432–433. doi:10.1080/04597222.2016.1127636. ISBN 9781857438352.
  16. ^ a b c "Arms Trade Register". SIPRI. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  17. ^ The ACMAT ALTV secures another export order Archived October 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ "Burkina Faso: Du matériel roulant et de transmissions pour l'armée burkinabè". AllAfrica.com (in French). 6 October 2011.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g "World Air Forces 2020". Flightglobal Insight. 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  20. ^ Cherisey, de, Erwan (9 June 2017). "Burkina Faso receives Taiwanese Hueys". IHS Jane's 360. Paris. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

References[edit]

  • World aircraft information files Brightstar publishing London File 338 sheet 4

Further reading[edit]

  • Alan Bryden, Boubacar N'Diaye, 'Security Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities,' DCAF/Lit Verlag, 2011.
  • Cooper, Tom & Weinert, Peter (2010). African MiGs: Volume I: Angola to Ivory Coast. Harpia Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-0-9825539-5-4.
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