Sunday, March 1, 2020

AMOS (programming language)

AMOS (programming language)

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AMOS
ParadigmImperative, Procedural
DeveloperFrançois Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos
First appeared1990; 30 years ago (1990)
Typing disciplineStatic
OSAmigaOS
LicenseBSD style license
WebsiteAMOS and STOS
Dialects
AMOS, Easy AMOS, AMOS Professional
Influenced by
STOS BASIC
Screenshot of the AMOS Professional user interface and code editor, displaying the start of a program included with the language

AMOS BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language implemented on the Amiga computer. AMOS BASIC was published by Europress Software and originally written by François Lionet with Constantin Sotiropoulos.

History[edit]

AMOS is a descendant of STOS BASIC for the Atari ST. AMOS BASIC was first produced in 1990.

AMOS competed on the Amiga platform with Acid Software's Blitz BASIC. Both BASICs differed from other dialects on different platforms, in that they allowed the easy creation of fairly demanding multimedia software, with full structured code and many high-level functions to load images, animations, sounds and display them in various ways.

The original AMOS version was interpreted which, whilst working fine, suffered the same disadvantage of any language being run interpretively. By all accounts, AMOS was extremely fast among interpreted languages. The language was fast enough that an extension called AMOS 3D could produce playable 3D games even on plain 7 MHz Amigas. Later, an AMOS compiler was developed that further increased speed.

AMOS could also include inline Assembly Language.[1]

To simplify animation of sprites, AMOS included the AMOS Animation Language (AMAL), a compiled sprite scripting language which runs independently of the main AMOS BASIC program.[2] It was also possible to control screen and "rainbow" effects using AMAL scripts. AMAL scripts in effect created CopperLists, small routines executed by the Amiga's Agnus chip.

After the original version of AMOS, Europress released a compiler (AMOS Compiler), and two other versions of the language: Easy AMOS, a simpler version for beginners, and AMOS Professional, a more advanced version with added features, such as a better IDE, ARexx support, a new UI API and new flow control constructs. Neither of these new versions was significantly more popular than the original AMOS.[citation needed]

AMOS was mostly used to make multimedia software, video games (platformers and graphical adventures) and educational software.

The language was mildly successful within the Amiga community. Its ease of use made it especially attractive to beginners.

Perhaps AMOS BASIC's biggest disadvantage, stemming from its Atari ST lineage, was its incompatibility with the Amiga's operating system functions and interfaces. Instead, AMOS BASIC controlled the computer directly, which caused programs written in it to have a non-standard user interface, and also caused compatibility problems with newer versions of hardware.

Today the language has declined in popularity along with the Amiga computer for which it was written. Despite this, a small community of enthusiasts are still using it. The source code to AMOS was released around 2001 under a BSD style license by Clickteam - a company that includes the original programmer.[3]

On the 4th of April, 2019 François Lionet announced the release of AMOS2 on his website amos2.tech. AMOS2 replaces STOS and AMOS together, using JavaScript as its code interpreter, making the new development system independent and generally deployed in internet browsers.

Software[edit]

Software written using AMOS BASIC includes:

References[edit]

  1. ^ The Creator, by Frangois Lionet, 1990, "AMOS Basic includes special facilities which allow you to combine assembly language routines with your Basic programs."
  2. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-12-08. Retrieved 2010-11-22.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ Amos & Stos » Main Download on clickteam.com (archived 2007)
  4. ^ "Making of Flight of the Amazon Queen: A 20th Anniversary Retrospective". Gamasutra. Retrieved 1 January 2016.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AMOS_(programming_language)&oldid=915178805"
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Ain't I a Woman? (book)

Ain't I a Woman? (book)

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Ain't I a Woman?
Ain't I a Woman.jpg
Cover of the first edition
Authorbell hooks
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
SubjectBlack feminism
PublisherSouth End Press
Publication date
1981
Media typePrint
Pages220 (second edition)
ISBN0-89608-129-X

Ain't I a Woman? Black Women and Feminism is a 1981 book by bell hooks titled after Sojourner Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" speech. Hooks examines the effect of racism and sexism on black women, the civil rights movement, and feminist movements from suffrage to the 1970s. She argues that the convergence of sexism and racism during slavery contributed to black women having the lowest status and worst conditions of any group in American society. White female abolitionists and suffragists were often more comfortable with black male abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass, while southern segregationalists and stereotypes of black female promiscuity and immorality caused protests whenever black women spoke. Hooks points out that these white female reformers were more concerned with white morality than the conditions these morals caused black Americans.[1]

Further, she argues that the stereotypes that were set during slavery still affect black women today. She argued that slavery allowed white society to stereotype white women as the pure goddess virgin and move black women to the seductive whore stereotype formerly placed on all women, thus justifying the devaluation of black femininity and rape of black women. The work which black women have been forced to perform, either in slavery or in a discriminatory workplace, that would be non-gender conforming for white women has been used against black women as a proof of their emasculating behaviour. bell hooks argues that black nationalism was largely a patriarchal and misogynist movement, seeking to overcome racial divisions by strengthening sexist ones, and that it readily latched onto the idea of the emasculating black matriarch proposed by Daniel Patrick Moynihan, whose theories bell hooks often criticizes.

Meanwhile, she says, the "feminist movement", a largely white middle and upper class affair, did not articulate the needs of poor and non-white women, thus reinforcing sexism, racism, and classism. She suggests this explains the low numbers of black women who participated in the feminist movement in the 1970s, pointing to Louis Harris' Virginia Slims poll done in 1972 for Philip Morris that she says showed 62 percent of black women supported "efforts to change women's status" and 67 percent "sympathized with the women's rights movement", compared with 45 and 35 percent of white women (also Steinem, 1972).

Since its publication, Ain't I a Woman has been critically acclaimed as groundbreaking in the study of feminist theory for discussing the correlation between the history of oppression black women have faced in the United States and its lingering effects in modern American society.[2] The book is commonly used in gender studies, Black studies, and philosophy courses.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Ain't I a Woman?". debate.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  2. ^ Jin Lee, Min (Feb 28, 2019). "In Praise of bell hooks". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2019.

Sojourner's Speech, Transcribed by Marius Robinson; Anti-slavery bugle. volume (New-Lisbon, Ohio), 21 June 1851. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_I_a_Woman%3F_(book)&oldid=919849549"
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