Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi

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For the 20th-century Egyptian politician, see Abdel Latif Boghdadi (politician).

Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi or Abdallatif al-Baghdadi (Arabic: عبداللطيف البغدادي‎, 1162 in Baghdad–1231), short for Muwaffaq al-Din Muhammad Abd al-Latif ibn Yusuf al-Baghdadi (Arabic: موفق الدين محمد عبد اللطيف بن يوسف البغدادي‎), was a physician, historian, Egyptologist and traveler, and one of the most voluminous writers of the Near East in his time.[1]

Biography[edit]

Many details of Abd al-Latif's life are known from his autobiography. As a young man, he studied grammar, law, tradition, medicine, alchemy and philosophy. He focused his studies on ancient authors, in particular Aristotle, after first adopting Avicenna as his philosophical mentor at the suggestion of a wandering scholar from the Maghreb. He traveled extensively and resided for a while in Mosul (in 1189) where he studied the works of al-Suhrawardi before traveling on to Damascus (1190) and the camp of Saladin outside Acre (1191). It was at the latter location that he met Baha' al-Din Ibn Shaddad and 'Imad al-Din al-Isfahani and acquired the qadi al-Fadil's patronage. He went on to Cairo, where he met Abu'l-Qasim al-Shari'i, who introduced him to the works of al-Farabi, Alexander of Aphrodisias, and Themistius and (according to al-Latif) turned him away from Avicenna and alchemy.[2]

He met Saladin himself in 1192 in Jerusalem, then went to Damascus again before returning to Cairo. In later years he again journeyed to Jerusalem and to Damascus in 1207-8, and eventually made his way via Aleppo to Erzindjan, where he remained at the court of Ala'-al-Din Da'ud until the city was conquered by the Seljuk ruler Kayqubadh. 'Abd al-Latif returned to Baghdad in 1229, travelling back via Erzerum, Kamakh, Diwrigi and Malatiya. He died in Baghdad two years later.[2]

Account of Egypt[edit]

Abdullatif was undoubtedly a man of great knowledge and of an inquisitive and penetrating mind. Of the numerous works (mostly on medicine) which Osaiba ascribes to him, one only, his graphic and detailed Account of Egypt (in two parts), appears to be known in Europe.[3]

Archeology[edit]

Abd-al-Latif was well aware of the value of ancient monuments and praised Muslim rulers for preserving and protecting pre-Islamic artifacts and monuments. He noted that the preservation of antiquities presented a number of benefits for Muslims:[4]

  • "monuments are useful historical evidence for chronologies";
  • "they furnish evidence for Holy Scriptures, since the Qur'an mentions them and their people";
  • "they are reminders of human endurance and fate";
  • "they show, to a degree, the politics and history of ancestors, the richness of their sciences, and the genius of their thought".

While discussing the profession of treasure hunting, he notes that poorer treasure hunters were often sponsored by rich businessmen to go on archeological expeditions. In some cases, an expedition could turn out to be fraud, with the treasure hunter disappearing with large amounts of money extracted from sponsors. This fraudulent practice continues to the present day, with rich businessmen in Egypt still being deceived by local treasure hunters.[5]

Egyptology[edit]

This work was one of the earliest works on Egyptology. It contains a vivid description of a famine caused, during the author's residence in Egypt, by the Nile failing to overflow its banks.[3] He also wrote detailed descriptions on ancient Egyptian monuments.[6]

Autopsy[edit]

Al-Baghdadi wrote that during the famine in Egypt in 597 AH (1200 AD), he had the opportunity to observe and examine a large number of skeletons. This was one of the earliest examples of a postmortem autopsy, through which he discovered that Galen was incorrect regarding the formation of the bones of the lower jaw and sacrum.[7]

Translation[edit]

The Arabic manuscript was discovered in 1665 by Edward Pococke the orientalist, and preserved in the Bodleian Library.[3] He then published the Arabic manuscript in the 1680s. His son, Edward Pococke the Younger, translated the work into Latin, though he was only able to publish less than half of his work. Thomas Hunt attempted to publish Pococke's complete translation in 1746, though his attempt was unsuccessful.[8] Pococke's complete Latin translation was eventually published by Joseph White of Oxford in 1800. The work was then translated into French, with valuable notes, by Silvestre de Sacy in 1810.[9]

Medical works[edit]

Al-Mukhtarat fi al-Tibb[edit]

Al-Baghdadi's Mukhtarat fi al-Tibb was one of the earliest works on hirudotherapy. He introduced a more modern use for medicinal leech, stating that leech could be used for cleaning the tissues after surgical operations. He did, however, understand that there is a risk over using leech, and advised patients that leech need to be cleaned before being used and that the dirt or dust "clinging to a leech should be wiped off" before application. He further writes that after the leech has sucked out the blood, salt should be "sprinkled on the affected part of the human body".[10]

Medicine from the Book and the Life of the Prophet[edit]

He wrote a book called Al-Tibb min al-Kitab wa-al-Sunna (Medicine from the Book and the Life of the Prophet) describing the Islamic medical practices from the time of Muhammad.[11]

Diabetes[edit]

Al-Baghdadi was also the author of a major book dealing with diabetes.[11]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Chambers Biographical Dictionary, ISBN 0-550-18022-2, page 3
  2. ^ a b Leaman 2015, p. 44; Meri 2005, p. 2.
  3. ^ a b c  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Abdallatif". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–31.
  4. ^ El Daly 2004, p. 10.
  5. ^ El Daly 2004, p. 36.
  6. ^ El Daly 2004.
  7. ^ Savage-Smith 1996, p. 951.
  8. ^ Toomer 1996, p. 272-273.
  9. ^ Toomer 1996, p. 275.
  10. ^ Deuraseh 2004, p. 18.
  11. ^ a b Varisco, Daniel Martin (June 26, 2007). "The Prophet's Medicine: Part One".

Bibliography[edit]

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