George Abbot (bishop)
George Abbot | |
|---|---|
| Archbishop of Canterbury | |
 | |
| Church | Church of England |
| Diocese | Canterbury |
| Installed | 4 March 1611 |
| Term ended | 4 August 1633 |
| Predecessor | Richard Bancroft |
| Successor | William Laud |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 3 December 1609 by Richard Bancroft |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 29 October 1562 Guildford, Surrey, England |
| Died | 4 August 1633 (aged 70) Croydon, Surrey, England |
| Nationality | English |
| Denomination | Anglican |
George Abbot (29 October 1562 – 4 August 1633)[1][a] was an English divine who was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1611 to 1633.[3][4][5] He also served as the fourth Chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin, from 1612 to 1633.
Chambers Biographical Dictionary describes him as "[a] sincere but narrow-minded Calvinist".[6] Among his five brothers,[7] Robert became Bishop of Salisbury[6] and Maurice became Lord Mayor of London.[7] He was a translator of the King James Version.
Contents
Biography[edit]
Early years[edit]
Born at Guildford in Surrey, where his father Maurice Abbot (died 1606) was a cloth-worker,[6] he was taught at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford.[8] According to an eighteenth century biographical dictionary, when Abbot's mother was pregnant with him she had a dream in which she was told that if she ate a pike her child would be a son and rise to great prominence. Some time afterwards she accidentally caught a pike while fetching water from the River Wey and it "being reported to some gentlemen in the neighbourhood, they offered to stand sponsors for the child, and afterwards shewed him many marks of favour."[9] He later studied, and then taught under many eminent scholars, including Dr Thomas Holland, at Balliol College, Oxford, was chosen Master of University College in 1597, and appointed Dean of Winchester in 1600. He was three times Vice-Chancellor of the University, and took a leading part in preparing the authorised version of the New Testament. In 1608, he went to Scotland with George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar to arrange for a union between the churches of England and Scotland. He so pleased King James in this affair that he was made Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry in 1609 and was translated to the see of London a month afterwards.[2]
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Archbishop of Canterbury[edit]
On 4 March 1611, Abbot was raised to the position of Canterbury. As archbishop, he defended the apostolic succession of the Anglican archbishops and bishops and the validity of the Church's priesthood in 1614. In consequence of the Nag's Head Fable, the archbishop invited certain Roman Catholics to inspect the register in the presence of six of his own episcopal colleagues, the details of which inspection were preserved. It was agreed by all parties that:
"The register agrees in every particular with what we know of the history of the times, and there exists not the semblance of a reason for pronouncing it a forgery."[10]
In spite of his defence of the catholic nature of the priesthood, his Puritan instincts frequently led him not only into harsh treatment of Roman Catholics, but also into courageous resistance to the royal will, such as when he opposed the scandalous divorce suit of the Lady Frances Howard against the Earl of Essex, and again in 1618 when, at Croydon, he forbade the reading of the Declaration of Sports listing the permitted Sunday recreations. He was naturally, therefore, a promoter of the match between the king's daughter, Princess Elizabeth, and Frederick V, Elector Palatine, and a firm opponent of the projected marriage of the new Prince of Wales (later Charles I) and the Spanish Infanta, Maria Anna. This policy brought upon the archbishop the hatred of William Laud (with whom he had previously come into collision at Oxford) and the king's court, although the King himself never forsook Abbot.[2]
In July 1621,[11] while hunting in Lord Zouch's park at Bramshill in Hampshire, a bolt from his cross-bow aimed at a deer happened to strike one of the keepers, who died within an hour, and Abbot was so greatly distressed by the event that he fell into a state of settled melancholia. His enemies maintained that the fatal issue of this accident disqualified him for his office, and argued that, though the homicide was involuntary, the sport of hunting which had led to it was one in which no clerical person could lawfully indulge. The King had to refer the matter to a commission of ten, though he said that "an angel might have miscarried after this sort." The commission was equally divided, and the King gave a casting vote in the Archbishop's favour, though signing also a formal pardon or dispensation.[2] Gustavus Paine notes that Abbot was both the "only translator of the 1611 Bible and the only Archbishop of Canterbury ever to kill a human being."[12][b]
After this the Archbishop seldom appeared at the Council, chiefly on account of his infirmities. In 1625 he attended the King constantly, however, in his last illness, and performed the ceremony of the coronation of King Charles I as king of England. His refusal to license the assize sermon preached by Dr Robert Sibthorp at Northampton on 22 February 1627, in which cheerful obedience was urged to the king's demand for a general loan, and the duty proclaimed of absolute non-resistance even to the most arbitrary royal commands, led Charles to deprive him of his functions as primate, putting them in commission. The need of summoning parliament, however, soon brought about a nominal restoration of the Archbishop's powers. His presence being unwelcome at court, he lived from that time in retirement, leaving Laud and his party in undisputed ascendancy. He died at Croydon on 4 August 1633, and was buried at Guildford, his native place, where he had endowed a hospital with lands to the value of £300 a year.[2]
Legacy[edit]
Abbot was a conscientious prelate, though narrow in view and often harsh towards both separatists and Roman Catholics. He wrote a large number of works, the most interesting being his discursive Exposition on the Prophet Jonah (1600), which was reprinted in 1845. His Geography, or a Brief Description of the Whole World (1599), passed through numerous editions.[2] The newest edition, edited by the current Master of the Abbot's Hospital, was published by Goldenford Publishers Ltd on 20 June 2011, to commemorate the 400th anniversary of his enthronement as Archbishop of Canterbury.
Guildford remembers the Archbishop with his hospital,[13] a statue in the High Street, a pub and also a secondary school (George Abbot School) named after him. His tomb can be seen in Holy Trinity Church.
The best account of Abbot is in Samuel Rawson Gardiner's History of England.[2]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Other sources, such as the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica give his birth and death dates as 19 October 1562 – 5 August 1633,[2] but the majority of sources state he was born 29 October 1562, and the date 4 August 1633 is inscribed on his tomb
- ^ This ceased to be true, by some definitions, in 1980 with the appointment of former soldier and Military Cross recipient Robert Runcie. Abbott remains the only known Archbishop of Canterbury to kill while in office.
References[edit]
- ^ Oldys, William (1777). The life of Dr. George Abbot, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury – via Text Creation Partnership.
- ^ a b c d e f g Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–23.
- ^ Carr, William, University College, Routledge, 1998. ISBN 978-0-415-18632-2. Chapter V, The Sixteenth Century and Chapter VI, The Seventeenth century to the Restoration, 1660.
- ^ Darwall-Smith, Robin, A History of University College, Oxford. Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-928429-0. George Abbot, pages 120–126
- ^ Abbot, George in the Christian Cyclopedia
- ^ a b c Chambers Biographical Dictionary, ISBN 0-550-18022-2, page 2
- ^ a b Lee, Sidney (1885). . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 21–24.
- ^ Fincham, Kenneth. "Abbot, George". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Society of gentlemen (1780). The Biographical Dictionary, Or, Complete Historical Library: Containing the Lives of the Most Celebrated Personages of Great Britain and Ireland, Whether Admirals, Generals, Poets, Statesmen, Philosophers, Or Divines : a Work Replete with Instruction and Entertainment. F. Newbery. p. 5.
- ^ John Wordsworth, D.D., Bishop of Salisbury (13 May 1890). "A Letter on the Succession of Bishops in the Church of England". Retrieved 5 October 2008. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ BBC History, July 2011, p. 12
- ^ Paine, Gustavus S (1977). The Men Behind the King James Version. Baker. p. 157.
- ^ Abbot's Hospital, retrieved 9 January 2016
External links[edit]
- Works by George Abbot at Post-Reformation Digital Library
- Portraits of George Abbot at the National Portrait Gallery, London
| Academic offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Anthony Gate | Master of University College, Oxford 1597–1610 | Succeeded by John Bancroft |
| Preceded by Thomas Thornton | Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford 1600–1601 | Succeeded by George Ryves |
| Preceded by John Howson | Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford 1603–1604 | Succeeded by John Williams |
| Preceded by John Williams | Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford 1605–1606 | Succeeded by Henry Airay |
| Preceded by The Earl of Salisbury | Chancellor of the University of Dublin 1612–1633 | Succeeded by William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury |
| Government offices | ||
| Preceded by The Earl of Suffolk (Lord High Treasurer) | First Lord of the Treasury 1618–1620 | Succeeded by The Earl of Manchester (Lord High Treasurer) |
| Church of England titles | ||
| Preceded by William Overton | Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry 1609–1610 | Succeeded by Richard Neile |
| Preceded by Thomas Ravis | Bishop of London 1610–1611 | Succeeded by John King |
| Preceded by Richard Bancroft | Archbishop of Canterbury 1611–1633 | Succeeded by William Laud |
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- 1562 births
- 1633 deaths
- People from Guildford
- 17th-century Anglican archbishops
- People educated at Royal Grammar School, Guildford
- Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
- Archbishops of Canterbury
- Bishops of London
- Bishops of Lichfield
- Chancellors of the University of Dublin
- English translators
- Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford
- Masters of University College, Oxford
- Translators of the King James Version
- 17th-century English Anglican priests
- English diplomats
- Scottish Episcopal Church
- Deans of Winchester
- Burials in Surrey
- English male poets
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