Al-Battani

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"Albategnius" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see Albategnius (crater).

Al-Battānī
A modern artist's impression of al-Battānī holding an astrolabe
Born	c. 858 CE Harran, Bilad al-Sham
Died	929 CE Qasr al-Jiss, near Samarra
Academic background
Influences	Ptolemy
Academic work
Era	Islamic Golden Age
Main interests	Mathematics, Astronomy, Astrology
Notable works	Kitāb az-Zīj
Notable ideas	Trigonometrical relationships
Influenced	Abū al-Wafā', al-Bīrūnī, Copernicus

Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Jābir ibn Sinān al-Raqqī al-Ḥarrānī aṣ-Ṣābiʾ al-Battānī ^{[n 1]}(Arabic: محمد بن جابر بن سنان البتاني‎) (Latinized as Albategnius, Albategni or Albatenius) (c. 858 – 929) was an Arab^[2][3][4] astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician. He introduced a number of trigonometric relations, and his Kitāb az-Zīj was frequently quoted by many medieval astronomers, including Copernicus.^[5]

Often called the "Ptolemy of the Arabs",^[6] al-Battani is perhaps the greatest and best known astronomer of the medieval Islamic world.^{[7][8][9][10]}

Contents

• 1 Life
• 2 Astronomy
  • 2.1 Among his Innovations
• 3 Mathematics
• 4 Works
• 5 In popular culture
• 6 See also
• 7 Notes
• 8 Citations
• 9 References
• 10 External links

Life[edit]

Little of al-Battānī's life is known other than his birthplace in Harran near Urfa, in Upper Mesopotamia, (today in Turkey) and his father's fame as a maker of scientific instruments.^[5] Ibn Khallikan expresses ignorance on the question of his Muslim faith, and points out that his epithet aṣ-Ṣabi' suggests possible Sabian-sect ancestry.^[11][12] Some western historians claim he had noble origins as an Arab prince,^[13] but traditional Arabic biographers make no mention of this.^[5] Between 877 and 918/19, over a forty-year period, he lived in the ancient city of Raqqa, in north central Syria, recording his astronomical observations. He is said to have died while returning to Baghdād at a fortress called Kasr al-Hadr, which was near either Tikrit, or Samarra.^[14]

Astronomy[edit]

One of al-Battānī's best-known achievements in astronomy was the determination of the solar year as being 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds, which is only 2 minutes and 22 seconds off.^[12]

The twelfth-century Egyptian encyclopedist al-Qifṭī, in his biographical history Ta'rīkh al-Ḥukamā', mentions al-Battānī's contribution to advances in astronomical observation and calculations based on Ptolemy's Almagest.^[1]

Al-Battānī amended some of Ptolemy's results and compiled new tables of the Sun and Moon, long accepted as authoritative.^[13] Some of his measurements were more accurate than ones taken by Copernicus many centuries later and some ascribe this phenomenon to al-Battānī's location lying closer to the equator such that the ecliptic and the Sun, being higher in the sky, are less susceptible to atmospheric refraction.^[12] Al-Battānī observed that the direction of the Sun's apogee, as recorded by Ptolemy, was changing.^{[15] [n 2]}

Among his Innovations[edit]

• Introduction ^{[n 3]} of the use of sines in calculation and partially that of tangents.^[13]
• Calculation of the values for the precession of the equinoxes (54.5" per year, or 1° in 66 years) and the obliquity of the ecliptic (23° 35').^[12]
• Use of a uniform rate for precession in his tables, choosing not to adopt the theory of trepidation attributed to his colleague Thabit ibn Qurra.

Al-Battānī's work was instrumental in the development of science and astronomy.^[12] Copernicus, in his book that initiated the Copernican Revolution, the De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, quotes his name no fewer than 23 times,^[16] and also mentions him in the Commentariolus.^[17] Tycho Brahe, Riccioli, Kepler, Galileo and others frequently cited him or his observations.^[5] His data is still used in geophysics.^[18] The major lunar crater Albategnius is named in his honor.^[19]

Mathematics[edit]

In mathematics, al-Battānī produced a number of trigonometrical relationships:

${\displaystyle \tan a={\frac {\sin a}{\cos a}}}$

${\displaystyle \sec a={\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}a}}}$

He also solved the equation sin x = a cos x discovering the formula:

${\displaystyle \sin x={\frac {a}{\sqrt {1+a^{2}}}}}$

He gives other trigonometric formulae for right-angled triangles such as:^[12]

${\displaystyle b\sin(A)=a\sin(90^{\circ }-A)}$

Al-Battānī used al-Marwazi's idea of tangents ("shadows") to develop equations for calculating tangents and cotangents, compiling tables of them. He also discovered the reciprocal functions of secant and cosecant, and produced the first table of cosecants, which he referred to as a "table of shadows" (in reference to the shadow of a gnomon), for each degree from 1° to 90°.^[20]

Works[edit]

• Kitāb az-Zīj ("Book of Astronomical Tables"); Al-Battānī's magnum opus reflects Ptolemaic and Greco-Syriac astronomical theory, with Indo-Persian influences to a lesser degree.^[5][21] Al-Battānī's zij contains a description of a quadrant instrument.^[22] Of the many early translations into Latin and Spanish, a Latin version De Motu Stellarum by Plato of Tivoli (1116), was reprinted with annotations by Regiomontanus,^[13] and again at Bologna in 1645. The original manuscript is preserved at the Vatican library in Rome.^[13]

• Kitāb Zīj al-Ṣābī' (كتاب زيج الصابئ) published by Carlo Alfonso Nallino (1899-1907) under the Latin title Al-Battānī sive Albatenii opus astronomicum: ad fidem codicis Escurialensis Arabice editum ^[23]; a multi-volume scientific treatise on geography and astronomical chronology from an Arabic manuscript with Latin annotations. The manuscript is held at the Escorial library.
• Arbā Mākālāt ('Four discourses')^[24]; a commentary on Ptolemy's Quadripartitum de apotelesmatibus e judiciis astrorum, known as the Tetrabiblos. The tenth-century encyclopedist Isḥāq al-Nadīm in his Kitāb al-Fihrist lists al-Battānī among a number of authors of commentaries on this work.^{[25][n 4]}
• Marifat Matāli'l Buruj ('Knowledge of the rising-places of the zodiacal signs')^{[n 5][11]}
• Kitāb fī Mikdār il-Ittisālāt'; treatise on the four quarters of the sphere.

In popular culture[edit]

A ship in Star Trek: Voyager is named after Al-Battānī, known as the USS Al-Batani, which Janeway originally served on.

See also[edit]

• List of Arab scientists and scholars
• Zij

Notes[edit]

1. ^ Al-Qifṭī gives his name: Ibn Sinān Abū 'Abd Allāh Al-Harranī, known as al-Battānī and mentions that Said al-Andalusi in his book Kitāb al-Qāsī (كتاب القاصى) gives: Abū Jāfar Muḥammad ibn Sinān ibn Jābir al-Harranī, known as al-Battānī, ^[1]
2. ^ In modern heliocentric terms this is due to the changing direction of the eccentricity vector of the Earth's orbit.
3. ^ Probably independently of the 5th-century Indian astronomer Aryabhata
4. ^ Ptolemy's treatise was translated into Arabic by Ibrahim ibn al-Salt and this translation was amended by Isḥāq.
5. ^ This may have been about zodiac amplitude calculations. See McGuckin. ^[26]

Citations[edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Qifṭī 1903, p. 280.
2. ^ C.A., Nallino. "al-BATTĀNĪ". Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_1289. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
3. ^ "Al-Battānī | Arab astronomer and mathematician". Encyclopedia Britannica.
4. ^ "Al-Battani - Oxford Reference".
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} Hartner, Willy (1970–80). "Al-Battānī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn Jābir Ibn Sinān al-Raqqī al-Ḥarrānī al–Ṣābi". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9.
6. ^ Barlow, Peter; Kater, Henry; Herschel, Sir John Frederick William (1856). The Encyclopaedia of Astronomy: Comprising Plane Astronomy. R. Griffin. p. 494.
7. ^ Schlager, Neil; Lauer, Josh (2001). Science and Its Times: 700-1449. Gale Group. p. 291.
8. ^ Griffin, Rosarii (2006). Education in the Muslim World: different perspectives. Symposium Books Ltd. p. 31.
9. ^ Angelo, Joseph A. (2014). Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy. Infobase Publishing. p. 78.
10. ^ Ben-Menaḥem, Ari (2009). Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 541.
11. ^ ^{a b} Khallikān (ibn) 1868, p. 317.
12. ^ ^{a b c d e f} O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Al-Battani", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
13. ^ ^{a b c d e} Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Albategnius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 491.
14. ^ Khallikan (ibn) 1868, p. 317.
15. ^ Singer, Charles Joseph (1997). A short history of science to the nineteenth century. Courier Dover Publications. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-486-29887-0.
16. ^ Hoskin, Michael (1999-03-18). The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 9780521576000.
17. ^ Freely, John (2015-03-30). Light from the East: How the Science of Medieval Islam Helped to Shape the Western World. I.B.Tauris. p. 179. ISBN 9781784531386.
18. ^ Dalmau, W. (1997) CRITICAL REMARKS ON THE USE OF MEDIEVAL ECLIPSE RECORDS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LONG-TERM CHANGES IN THE EARTH'S ROTATION', Surveys in Geophysics 18: 213-223.
19. ^ Ewen A. Whitaker, Mapping and Naming the Moon (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p.61.
20. ^ "trigonometry". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
21. ^ E. S. Kennedy, A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables, (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 46, 2), Philadelphia, 1956, pp. 10–11, 32–34.
22. ^ Moussa, Ali (2011). "Mathematical Methods in Abū al-Wafāʾ's Almagest and the Qibla Determinations". Arabic Sciences and Philosophy. 21 (1): 1–56. doi:10.1017/S095742391000007X.
23. ^ Battani (al-) 1899.
24. ^ Khallikān (ibn) 1868, pp. 318, 320.
25. ^ Nadīm (al-), p. 640.
26. ^ Khallikān (ibn) 1868, p. 319, n.2.

References[edit]

• Al-Battānī sive Albatenii, Opus Astronomicum. Ad fidem codicis escurialensis arabice editum, ed. by Carlo Alfonso Nallino. Milan, Ulrico Hoepli, 1899-1907 [= Pubblicazioni del Reale Osservatorio di Brera in Milano, nr. XL], 412 + 450 + 288 pp. (anast.: I-III, [La Finestra editrice], Lavis 2002 ISBN 978-8888097-26-8

• Battani (al-), Muḥammad ibn Jabir (1899). Nallino, Carlo Alfonso (ed.). Al-Battānī sive Albatenii opus astronomicum: ad fidem codicis Escurialensis Arabice editum (Kitāb Zīj al-Ṣābī') (in Arabic). 3. Milan: Mediolani Insubrum: Prostat apud Urlichum Hoeplium. ISBN 978-8888097-26-8.
• Khallikān (ibn), Aḥmad i. M (1868). Mac Guckin de Slane, William (ed.). Wafayāt al-A'yān wa Anbā' (Ibn Khallian's Biographical Dictionary). III. Paris & London: W.H. Allen. p. 317.
• Nadīm (al-), Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq Abū Ya'qūb al-Warrāq (1970). Dodge, Bayard (ed.). The Fihrist of al-Nadim; a tenth-century survey of Muslim culture. New York & London: Columbia University Press.

• Qifṭī (al-), Jamāl al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan 'Alī ibn Yūsuf (1903). Lippert, Julius (ed.). Ta'rīkh al-Ḥukamā' (in Arabic). Leipzig: Theodor Weicher. p. 280.

• Sarton, George (1947). Introduction to the History of Science. I. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. p. 602.

• Smith, David Eugene (1925) [1923]. History of Mathematics. I. Boston: Ginn. p. 175.

• Hartner, Willy (1970–80). "Al-Battānī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn Jābir Ibn Sinān al-Raqqī al-Ḥarrānī al–Ṣābi". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9.
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu Abdallah Mohammad ibn Jabir Al-Battani", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.

External links[edit]

• Dalen, Benno van (2007). "Battānī: Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Jābir ibn Sinān al‐Battānī al‐Ḥarrānī al‐Ṣābiʾ". In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp. 101–3. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. (PDF version)
• Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang (ed.). "Albategnius (ca. 858–929)". ScienceWorld.
• Texts on Wikisource:
  • Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "al-Battani, Mohammed ibn Jabir ibn Sinan". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
  • "Albategnius". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 491.
  • "al-Battani". New International Encyclopedia. 1920.

v t e Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Astronomers by century (CE AD) 8th Ahmad Nahavandi Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī Mashallah ibn Athari Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq 9th Abu Maʿshar Abu Said Gorgani Al-Farghānī Al-Kindi Al-Mahani Abu Hanifa Dinawari Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf Al-Marwazi Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi Banu Musa Iranshahri Khālid ibn ʿAbd al‐Malik Al-Khwārizmī Sahl ibn Bishr Thābit ibn Qurra Yahya ibn Abi Mansur 10th al-Sufi Ibn Al-Adami al-Khojandi al-Khazin al-Qūhī Abu al-Wafa Ahmad ibn Yusuf al-Battani Al-Qabisi Ibn al-A'lam Al-Nayrizi Al-Saghani Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī Ibn Yunus Ibrahim ibn Sinan Ma Yize al-Sijzi Mariam al-Asturlabi Nastulus Abolfadl Harawi Haseb-i Tabari al-Majriti 11th Abu Nasr Mansur al-Biruni Ali ibn Ridwan Al-Zarqālī Ibn al-Samh Al-Muradi Alhazen Avicenna Ibn al-Saffar Kushyar Gilani Said al-Andalusi Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli Ibn Muʿādh al-Jayyānī Al-Isfizari 12th Al-Bitruji Avempace Ibn Tufail Al-Kharaqī Al-Khazini Al-Samawal al-Maghribi Abu al-Salt Averroes Ibn al-Kammad Jabir ibn Aflah Omar Khayyam Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī 13th Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili Jamal ad-Din Alam al-Din al-Hanafi Najm al‐Din al‐Misri Muhyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī Nasir al-Din al-Tusi Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī Zakariya al-Qazwini al-Urdi al-Abhari Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi Ibn al‐Raqqam Al-Ashraf Umar II 14th Ibn al-Shatir Al-Khalili Ibn Shuayb al-Battiwi Abū al‐ʿUqūl Al-Wabkanawi Nizam al-Din Nishapuri al-Jadiri 15th Ali Kuşçu ʿAbd al‐Wājid Jamshīd al-Kāshī Kadızade Rumi Ulugh Beg Sibt al-Maridini Ibn al-Majdi al-Wafa'i al-Kubunani 16th Al-Birjandi al-Khafri Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī Piri Reis Takiyüddin 17th Yang Guangxian Ahmad Khani Al Achsasi al Mouakket Mohammed al-Rudani
Topics Works Arabic star names Islamic calendar ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity Tabula Rogeriana The Book of Healing Zij Alfonsine tables Huihui Lifa Book of Fixed Stars Toledan Tables Zij-i Ilkhani Zij-i Sultani Sullam al-sama' Instruments Alidade Analog computer Aperture Armillary sphere Astrolabe Astronomical clock Celestial globe Compass Compass rose Dioptra Equatorial ring Equatorium Globe Graph paper Magnifying glass Mural instrument Navigational astrolabe Nebula Octant Planisphere Quadrant Sextant Shadow square Sundial Schema for horizontal sundials Triquetrum Concepts Almucantar Apogee Astrology in medieval Islam Astrophysics Axial tilt Azimuth Celestial mechanics Celestial spheres Circular orbit Deferent and epicycle Earth's rotation Eccentricity Ecliptic Elliptic orbit Equant Galaxy Geocentrism Gravitational potential energy Gravity Heliocentrism Inertia Islamic cosmology Moonlight Multiverse Obliquity Parallax Precession Qibla Salah times Specific gravity Spherical Earth Sublunary sphere Sunlight Supernova Temporal finitism Trepidation Triangulation Tusi couple Universe Institutions Al-Azhar University House of Knowledge House of Wisdom University of Al Quaraouiyine Observatories Constantinople (Taqi al-Din) Maragheh Samarkand (Ulugh Beg) Influences Babylonian astronomy Egyptian astronomy Hellenistic astronomy Indian astronomy Influenced Byzantine science Chinese astronomy Medieval European science Indian astronomy

v t e Mathematics in medieval Islam
Mathematicians	9th century 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk Sanad ibn Ali al-Jawharī Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf Al-Kindi Qusta ibn Luqa Al-Mahani al-Dinawari Banū Mūsā Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Khwārizmī Yusuf Al-Khuri Ishaq ibn Hunayn Na'im ibn Musa Thābit ibn Qurra Sahl ibn Bishr al-Marwazi Abu Said Gorgani 10th century Abu al-Wafa al-Khazin Al-Qabisi Abū Kāmil Ahmad ibn Yusuf Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ al-Khojandi Al-Nayrizi Al-Saghani Brethren of Purity Ibn Sahl Ibn Yunus al-Uqlidisi Al-Battani Sinan ibn Thabit Ibrahim ibn Sinan Al-Isfahani Nazif ibn Yumn al-Qūhī Abu al-Jud Al-Sijzi Al-Karaji al-Majriti al-Jabali 11th century Abu Nasr Mansur Alhazen Kushyar Gilani Al-Biruni Ibn al-Samh Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi Avicenna al-Jayyānī al-Nasawī al-Zarqālī ibn Hud Said al-Andalusi ibn Fatik Al-Muradi Al-Isfizari Omar Khayyam Muhammad al-Baghdadi 12th century Abu al-Salt Avempace Jabir ibn Aflah Al-Kharaqī Al-Khazini Al-Samawal al-Maghribi al-Hassar Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī Ismail al-Jazari Ibn al-Yasamin Siraj ud-Din Muhammad ibn Abd ur-Rashid Sajawandi 13th century Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili Ahmad al-Buni Ibn Munim Alam al-Din al-Hanafi Ibn 'Adlan al-Urdi Nasir al-Din al-Tusi al-Abhari Muhyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī al-Hasan al-Marrakushi Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī Ibn al-Banna' Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī 14th century Nizam al-Din Nishapuri Ibn Shuayb Ibn al-Shatir Ibn al-Durayhim Al-Khalili Ahmad al-Qalqashandi al-Umawi 15th century Ibn al-Majdi al-Rūmī al-Kāshī Ulugh Beg Ali Qushji al-Wafa'i al-Qalaṣādī al-Kubunani Sibt al-Maridini Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi 16th century Al-Birjandi Muhammad Baqir Yazdi Taqi ad-Din Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi Ahmad Ibn al-Qadi
Mathematical works	The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing De Gradibus Principles of Hindu Reckoning Book of Optics The Book of Healing Almanac Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity Toledan Tables Tabula Rogeriana Zij
Concepts	Alhazen's problem Islamic geometric patterns
Centers	Al-Azhar University Al-Mustansiriya University House of Knowledge House of Wisdom Constantinople observatory of Taqi al-Din Madrasa Maktab Maragheh observatory University of Al Quaraouiyine
Influences	Babylonian mathematics Greek mathematics Indian mathematics
Influenced	Byzantine mathematics European mathematics Indian mathematics

Authority control	BNE: XX1770990 BNF: cb15506894j (data) GND: 118647547 ISNI: 0000 0000 7980 1054 LCCN: n80001373 NKC: ola2009507530 NTA: 074673718 ICCU: IT\ICCU\BVEV\050690 SELIBR: 180226 SUDOC: 034638547 VIAF: 97655156 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 97655156

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