Albert the Bear

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Albert the Bear
Albert I of Brandenburg.jpg
Monument commemorating Albert at Spandau Citadel, Berlin, by Walter Schott
Count of Anhalt
Reign9 February 1123 – 18 November 1170
PredecessorOtto the Rich
SuccessorBernhard
Duke of Saxony
Reign1138–1142
PredecessorHenry II
SuccessorHenry the Lion
Margrave of Brandenburg
Reign1157–1170
Predecessornone
SuccessorOtto I
Bornc.  1100
Died(1170-11-18)18 November 1170 (aged 70)
possibly Stendal
Burial
Ballenstedt
SpouseSophie of Winzenburg
IssueOtto I, Margrave of Brandenburg
Hermann I, Count of Orlamünde
Siegfried, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen
Heinrich
Albert
Dietrich
Bernhard, Count of Anhalt
Hedwig, Margravine of Meissen
daughter
Adelheid
Gertrude, Duchess of Moravia
Sybille, Abbess of Quedlinburg
Eilika
HouseHouse of Ascania
FatherOtto, Count of Ballenstedt
MotherEilika of Saxony

Albert the Bear (German: Albrecht der Bär; Latin: Adelbertus, Adalbertus, Albertus; c. 1100 – 18 November 1170) was the first Margrave of Brandenburg (as Albert I) from 1157 to his death and was briefly Duke of Saxony between 1138 and 1142.

Life[edit]

Albert was the only son of Otto, Count of Ballenstedt, and Eilika, daughter of Magnus Billung, Duke of Saxony. He inherited his father's valuable estates in northern Saxony in 1123, and on his mother's death, in 1142, succeeded to one-half of the lands of the house of Billung. Albert was a loyal vassal of his relation, Lothar I, Duke of Saxony, from whom, about 1123, he received the Margraviate of Lusatia, to the east; after Lothar became King of the Germans, he accompanied him on a disastrous expedition to Bohemia against the upstart, Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia in 1126 at the Battle of Kulm, where he suffered a short imprisonment.

Albert's entanglements in Saxony stemmed from his desire to expand his inherited estates there. After the death of his brother-in-law, Henry II, Margrave of the Nordmark, who controlled a small area on the Elbe called the Saxon Northern March, in 1128, Albert, disappointed at not receiving this fief himself, attacked Udo V, Count of Stade, the heir, and was consequently deprived of Lusatia by Lothar. Udo, however, was said to have been assassinated by servants of Albert on 15 March 1130 near Aschersleben. In spite of this, he went to Italy in 1132 in the train of the king, and his services there were rewarded in 1134 by the investiture of the Northern March, which was again without a ruler.

The seal of Albert the Bear.

In 1138 Conrad III, the Hohenstaufen King of the Germans, deprived Albert's cousin and nemesis, Henry the Proud of his Saxon duchy, which was awarded to Albert if he could take it. After some initial success in his efforts to take possession, Albert was driven from Saxony, and also from his Northern march by a combined force of Henry and Jaxa of Köpenick, and compelled to take refuge in south Germany. When peace was made with Henry in 1142, Albert renounced the Saxon duchy and received the counties of Weimar and Orlamünde. It was possibly at this time that Albert was made Archchamberlain of the Empire, an office which afterwards gave the Margraves of Brandenburg the rights of a prince-elector.

Once he was firmly established in the Northern March, Albert's covetous eye lay also on the thinly populated lands to the north and east. For three years he was occupied in campaigns against the Slavic Wends, who as pagans were considered fair game, and whose subjugation to Christianity was the aim of the Wendish Crusade of 1147 in which Albert took part. Albert was a part of the army that besieged Demmin. And at the end of the war, recovered Havelberg, which had been lost since 983. Diplomatic measures were more successful, and by an arrangement made with the last of the Wendish princes of Brandenburg, Pribislav of the Hevelli, Albert secured this district when the prince died in 1150. Taking the title "Margrave in Brandenburg", he pressed the "crusade" against the Wends, extended the area of his mark, encouraged German migration, established bishoprics under his protection, and so became the founder of the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1157, which his heirs — the House of Ascania — held until the line died out in 1320.

In 1158 a feud with Henry's son, Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, was interrupted by a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. On his return in 1160, he, with the consent of his sons; Siegfried not being mentioned, donated land to the Knights of Saint John in memory of his wife, Sofia, at Werben at the Elbe.[1][2][3] In 1162 Albert accompanied Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to Italy, where he distinguished himself at the storming of Milan.

In 1164 Albert joined a league of princes formed against Henry the Lion, and peace being made in 1169, Albert divided his territories among his six sons. He died on 13 November 1170, possibly in Stendal, and was buried at Ballenstedt.

Cognomen[edit]

Foundation of the memorial to Albert at Spandau Citadel.

Albert's personal qualities won for him the cognomen of the Bear, "not from his looks or qualities, for he was a tall handsome man, but from the cognisance on his shield, an able man, had a quick eye as well as a strong hand, and could pick what way was straightest among crooked things, was the shining figure and the great man of the North in his day, got much in the North and kept it, got Brandenburg for one there, a conspicuous country ever since," says Carlyle, who called Albert "a restless, much-managing, wide-warring man." He is also called by later writers "the Handsome."

Family and children[edit]

Albert was married in 1124 to Sophie of Winzenburg (died 25 March 1160) and they had the following children:

  1. Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg (1126/1128–7 March 1184)[4]
  2. Count Hermann I of Orlamünde (died 1176)[4]
  3. Siegfried (died 24 October 1184), Bishop of Brandenburg from 1173–1180, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, the first ranked prince, from 1180–1184[4]
  4. Heinrich (died 1185), a canon in Magdeburg
  5. Count Albert of Ballenstedt (died after 6 December 1172)
  6. Count Dietrich of Werben (died after 5 September 1183)[4]
  7. Count Bernhard of Anhalt (1134–9 February 1212), Duke of Saxony from 1180-1212 as Bernard III
  8. Hedwig (d. 1203), married to Otto II, Margrave of Meissen[4]
  9. Daughter, married c. 1152 to Vladislav of Bohemia
  10. Adelheid (died 1162), a nun in Lamspringe
  11. Gertrude, married in 1155 to Duke Diepold of Moravia
  12. Sybille (died c. 1170), Abbess of Quedlinburg
  13. Eilika

Ancestry[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Freller 2010, p. 40.
  2. ^ Freller 2010, p. 55.
  3. ^ Lyon 2013, p. 35.
  4. ^ a b c d e Lyon 2013, p. 241.

Sources[edit]

  • Carlyle, Thomas (1898). History of Frederick the Great.
  • Freller, Thomas (2010). The German Langue of the Order of Malta. Malta: Midsea Books. ISBN 978-99932-7-299-1.
  • Lyon, Jonathan R. (2013). Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100-1250. New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801451300.
  • Partenheimer, Lutz (2007). Die Entstehung der Mark Brandenburg: Mit einem lateinisch-deutschen Quellenanhang. Köln: Böhlau. ISBN 978-3-412-17106-3.
  • Partenheimer, Lutz (2003). Albrecht der Bär (in German). Cologne: Böhlau Verlag. ISBN 3-412-16302-3.
  • Schultze, Johannes (2011). Die Mark Brandenburg.: (Bd. I-V in einem Band). Duncker & Humblot. ISBN 978-3428134809.

External links[edit]

Albert (German: Albrecht) of Ballenstedt
Born: c. 1100 Died: 18 November 1170 in Stendal?
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Otto the Rich 		Count of Anhalt
1123–1170 		Succeeded by
Bernhard
Preceded by
Henry II 		Duke of Saxony
1138–1142 		Succeeded by
Henry III
New title Margrave of Brandenburg
1157–1170 		Succeeded by
Otto I
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_the_Bear&oldid=930514312"