Albert I of Germany

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For other people named Albert of Austria, see Albert of Austria (disambiguation).

Albert I
Albrecht I. von Habsburg.jpg
King of Germany
(formally King of the Romans)
Reign27 July 1298 – 1 May 1308
Coronation24 August 1298
Aachen Cathedral
PredecessorAdolph
SuccessorHenry VII
Duke of Austria and Styria
until 1283 with Rudolph II
1298–1307 with Rudolph III
Reign27 December 1282 – 1 May 1308
PredecessorRudolph I
SuccessorFrederick the Fair
BornJuly 1255
Imperial City of Rheinfelden
Died1 May 1308(1308-05-01) (aged 52)
Windisch, Further Austria
Burial
Speyer Cathedral
SpouseElizabeth of Carinthia
IssueRudolph I of Bohemia
Frederick the Fair
Leopold I, Duke of Austria
Albert II, Duke of Austria
Henry the Gentle
Otto, Duke of Austria
Anna, Margravine of Brandenburg
Agnes, Queen of Hungary
Elizabeth, Duchess of Lorraine
Catherine, Duchess of Calabria
Judith, Countess of Öttingen
HouseHouse of Habsburg
FatherRudolph I of Germany
MotherGertrude of Hohenburg

Albert I of Habsburg (German: Albrecht I.) (July 1255 – 1 May 1308), the eldest son of King Rudolf I of Germany and his first wife Gertrude of Hohenberg, was a Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 and King of Germany from 1298 until his assassination.

Life[edit]

From 1273 Albert ruled as a landgrave over his father's Swabian (Further Austrian) possessions in Alsace. In 1282 his father, the first German monarch from the House of Habsburg, invested him and his younger brother Rudolf II with the duchies of Austria and Styria, which he had seized from late King Ottokar II of Bohemia and defended in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld. By the 1283 Treaty of Rheinfelden his father entrusted Albert with their sole government, while Rudolf II ought to be compensated by the Further Austrian Habsburg home territories – which, however, never happened until his death in 1290. Albert and his Swabian ministeriales appear to have ruled the Austrian and Styrian duchies with conspicuous success, overcoming the resistance by local nobles.

King Rudolf I was unable to secure the succession to the German throne for his son, especially due to the objections raised by Ottokar's son King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, and the plans to install Albert as successor of the assassinated King Ladislaus IV of Hungary in 1290 also failed. Upon Rudolf's death in 1291, the Prince-electors, fearing Albert's power and the implementation of a hereditary monarchy, chose Count Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg as King of the Romans. An uprising among his Styrian dependents compelled Albert to recognize the sovereignty of his rival and to confine himself for a time to the government of the Habsburg lands at Vienna.

He did not abandon his hopes of the throne, however, which were eventually realised: In 1298, he was chosen German king by some of the princes, who were bothered about Adolf's attempts to gain his own power basis in the lands of Thuringia and Meissen, again led by the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II. The armies of the rival kings met at the Battle of Göllheim near Worms, where Adolf was defeated and slain. Submitting to a new election but securing the support of several influential princes by making extensive promises, he was chosen at the Imperial City of Frankfurt on 27 July 1298, and crowned at Aachen Cathedral on 24 August.[1]

Although a hard, stern man, Albert had a keen sense of justice when his own interests were not involved, and few of the German kings possessed so practical an intelligence. He encouraged the cities, and not content with issuing proclamations against private war, formed alliances with the princes in order to enforce his decrees. The serfs, whose wrongs seldom attracted notice in an age indifferent to the claims of common humanity, found a friend in this severe monarch, and he protected even the despised and persecuted Jews. Stories of his cruelty and oppression in the Swiss cantons (cf. William Tell) did not appear until the 16th century, and are now regarded as legendary. [1]

Albert sought to play an important part in European affairs. He seemed at first inclined to press a quarrel with the Kingdom of France over the Burgundian frontier, but the refusal of Pope Boniface VIII to recognize his election led him to change his policy, and, in 1299, he made a treaty with King Philip IV, by which his son Rudolph was to marry Blanche, a daughter of the French king. He afterwards became estranged from Philip, but in 1303, Boniface recognized him as German king and future emperor; in return, Albert recognized the authority of the pope alone to bestow the Imperial crown, and promised that none of his sons should be elected German king without papal consent.

Albert had failed in his attempt to seize the counties of Holland and Zeeland, as vacant fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, on the death of Count John I in 1299, but in 1306 he secured the crown of Bohemia for his son Rudolph III on the death of King Wenceslaus III. He also renewed the claim made by his predecessor, Adolf, on Thuringia, and interfered in a quarrel over the succession to the Hungarian throne. The Thuringian attack ended in Albert's defeat at the Battle of Lucka in 1307 and, in the same year, the death of his son Rudolph weakened his position in eastern Europe. His action in abolishing all tolls established on the Rhine since 1250 led the Rhenish prince-archbishops and the Elector of the Palatinate to form a league against him. Aided by the Imperial cities, however, he soon crushed the rising.[1]

He was on the way to suppress a revolt in Swabia when he was murdered on 1 May 1308, at Windisch on the Reuss River, by his nephew Duke John, afterwards called "the Parricide" or "John Parricida", whom he had deprived of his inheritance.[1]

Titles[edit]

Coat of Arms as King of the Romans

Albert, by the grace of God, King of the Romans, Duke of Austria and Styria, Lord of Carniola, over the Wendish Mark and of Port Naon, Count of Habsburg and Kyburg, Landgrave of Alsace

Marriage and children[edit]

In 1274 Albert had married Elizabeth,[2] daughter of Count Meinhard II of Tyrol, who was a descendant of the Babenberg margraves of Austria who predated the Habsburgs' rule. The baptismal name Leopold, patron saint margrave of Austria, was given to one of their sons. Queen Elizabeth was in fact better connected to mighty German rulers than her husband: she was a descendant of earlier German kings, including Emperor Henry IV; she was also a niece of the Wittelsbach dukes of Bavaria, Austria's important neighbor.

Albert and his wife had twelve children:

  1. Rudolph III (c. 1282 – 4 July 1307, Horažďovice)[2] married but line extinct and predeceased his father.
  2. Frederick I (1289 – 13 January 1330, Gutenstein)[2] married but line extinct.
  3. Leopold I (4 August 1290 – 28 February 1326, Strassburg)[3] married, had issue.
  4. Albert II (12 December 1298, Vienna – 20 July 1358, Vienna).[3]
  5. Henry the Gentle (1299 – 3 February 1327, Bruck an der Mur) married but line extinct.
  6. Meinhard, 1300 died young.
  7. Otto (23 July 1301, Vienna – 26 February 1339, Vienna)[3] married but line extinct.
  8. Anna (1280?, Vienna – 19 March 1327, Breslau), married:
    1. in Graz c. 1295 to Herman, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel;
    2. in Breslau 1310 to Duke Henry VI the Good.
  9. Agnes (18 May 1281 – 10 June 1364, Königsfelden), married in Vienna 13 February 1296 King Andrew III of Hungary.
  10. Elizabeth (d. 19 May 1353), married 1304 Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine.
  11. Catherine (1295 – 18 January 1323, Naples), married Charles, Duke of Calabria in 1316.
  12. Jutta von Oettingen [de] (d. 1329), married Ludwig V, Count of Öttingen in Baden, 26 March 1319.

Ancestry[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Chisholm 1911.
  2. ^ a b c Previté-Orton 1960, p. 796.
  3. ^ a b c Previté-Orton 1960, p. 797.

Sources[edit]

  • Previté-Orton, Charles William (1960). The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press.
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Albert I.". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 496. Citations:
    • G. Droysen, Albrechts I. Bemühungen um die Nachfolge im Reich (Leipzig, 1862)
    • J. F. A. Mücke, Albrecht I. von Habsburg (Gotha, 1865)
    • A. L. J. Michelsen, Die Landgrafschaft Thüringen unter den Königen Adolf, Albrecht, und Heinrich VII. (Jena, 1860).
Albert I of Germany
Born: 1255 Died: 1308
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Rudolph IV
Rudolph V 		Count of Habsburg
1291–1308
With: Rudolph VI (1298–1307) 		Succeeded by
Leopold I
Preceded by
Adolf 		King of the Romans
1298–1308 		Succeeded by
Henry VII
Margrave of Meissen
1298–1307
With: Theodoric II (1291–1307)
Frederick I (1291–1323) 		Succeeded by
Frederick II
Preceded by
Rudolph I 		Duke of Austria and Styria
1282–1308
With: Rudolph II (1282–83)
Rudolph III (1298–1307) 		Succeeded by
Frederick the Fair
Leopold I
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